Bone defects are usually difficult to be regenerated due to pathological states or the size of the injury. Researchers are focusing on tissue engineering approaches in order to drive the regenerative events, using stem cells to regenerate bone. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on biologically derived Gallus gallus domesticus-derived demineralized bone particle (GDD) sponge. The sponges were prepared by freeze-drying method using 1, 2, and 3 wt% GDD and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The GDD sponge was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength, porosity, and Fourier transform infrared. The potential bioactivity of the sponge was evaluated by osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs using 3(4, dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and quantifying alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. in vivo experiments were evaluated through a micro-computerized tomography (μ-CT) and histological assays. The analysis confirmed that an increase in the concentration of the GDD in the sponge leads to a higher bone formation and deposition in rat calvarial defects. Histological assay results were in line with μ-CT. The results reported in this study demonstrated the potential application of GDD sponges as osteoinductor in bone tissue engineering in pathological or nonunion bone defects.

中文翻译：

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在脱矿骨颗粒支架上使用3D培养的骨髓间充质干细胞在颅骨缺损模型中加速骨缺损的愈合。

由于病理状态或损伤的大小，骨缺损通常难以再生。研究人员正专注于组织工程学方法，以利用干细胞再生骨骼来驱动再生事件。这项研究的目的是评估在生物来源的家鸡来源的家禽脱矿质骨颗粒（GDD）海绵上骨髓来源的间充质干细胞（BMSC）的成骨分化。通过使用1、2和3重量％的GDD通过冷冻干燥法制备海绵，并与戊二醛交联。使用扫描电子显微镜，抗压强度，孔隙率和傅立叶变换红外光谱对GDD海绵进行了表征。通过使用3（4，methylthiazolzol-2-yl）-2对BMSC进行成骨分化来评估海绵的潜在生物活性，5-二苯基溴化四氮唑测定并定量碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性。通过微机断层扫描（μ-CT）和组织学分析评估了体内实验。分析证实，海绵中GDD浓度的增加会导致大鼠颅骨缺损中较高的骨形成和沉积。组织学测定结果与μ-CT一致。这项研究报告的结果证明了GDD海绵作为骨诱导剂在病理或骨不连的骨组织工程中的潜在应用。分析证实，海绵中GDD浓度的增加会导致大鼠颅骨缺损中较高的骨形成和沉积。组织学测定结果与μ-CT一致。这项研究报告的结果证明了GDD海绵作为骨诱导剂在病理或骨不连的骨组织工程中的潜在应用。分析证实，海绵中GDD浓度的增加会导致大鼠颅骨缺损中较高的骨形成和沉积。组织学测定结果与μ-CT一致。这项研究报告的结果证明了GDD海绵作为骨诱导剂在病理或骨不连的骨组织工程中的潜在应用。