BACKGROUND Two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) technique has been validated in numerous animal species, but neither studies of repeatability nor measurements after exercise or in animals with cardiac disease have been reported in goats. Goats are an attractive candidate for animal models in human cardiology because they are easy to handle and have a body and heart size comparable to that of humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate this technique in goats for further clinical and experimental applications in this species. RESULTS This study was divided into several steps. First, a standardized echocardiographic protocol was performed and 5 cineloops of a right parasternal short-axis view at papillary muscles level were recorded three times at one-day intervals in ten healthy adult unsedated Saanen goats to test repeatability and variability of 2DST measurements. Then, the same measurements were performed immediately before and after a standardized exercise on treadmill in seven of the goats, and at 24 h after induction of an experimental ischemic cardiomyopathy in five of the goats, to test the reliability of the technique to assess physiological and pathological changes. Average and regional measurements of radial and circumferential strain and strain rate, radial displacement, rotation and rotation rate were obtained. Comparisons were performed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Caprine 2DST average measurements have demonstrated a good repeatability with a low to moderate variability for all measurements except for the diastolic peaks of the circumferential strain rate, radial strain rate and rotation rate. Segmental 2DST measurements were less repeatable than average measurements. Time effect of two-way ANOVA was significant for anteroseptal segment diastolic peaks measurements, rotation and rotation rate measurements. Overall variability of segmental measurements was moderate or high. Segmental and average peak values obtained after exercise and after myocardial ischemia were significantly different than curves obtained at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are consistent with those previously described in other animal species and humans. 2DST echocardiography is a valid technique to evaluate physiological and pathological changes in myocardial function in goats, despite the technical limitations observed in this species.

中文翻译：

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山羊的二维斑点跟踪超声心动图：可重复性，变异性以及使用运动试验和实验诱发的急性缺血性心肌病的技术验证。

背景技术二维斑点追踪（2DST）技术已经在许多动物物种中得到验证，但是在山羊中没有关于运动后或患有心脏病的动物的重复性或测量研究的报道。山羊是人类心脏病学中动物模型的一个有吸引力的候选者，因为它们易于处理并且具有与人类相当的身体和心脏大小。因此，本研究的目的是为了验证该技术在山羊中的应用，以进一步在该物种中进行临床和实验应用。结果本研究分为几个步骤。第一，进行了标准化的超声心动图检查，在十只健康的成年未镇定的Saanen山羊中，每隔一天记录了5次在乳头肌水平右侧胸骨旁短轴视图的电影环，以测试2DST测量值的可重复性和可变性。然后，在七只山羊的跑步机上进行标准化运动前后，以及在其中五只山羊诱发实验性缺血性心肌病之后的24小时内，均进行了相同的测量，以测试该技术评估生理和生理学的可靠性。病变。获得了径向和周向应变和应变率，径向位移，旋转和旋转速率的平均和区域测量值。使用双向方差分析进行比较（p <0.05）。Caprine 2DST平均测量结果显示出良好的重复性，所有测量值均具有低至中度的变异性，除了周向应变率，径向应变率和旋转率的舒张峰。分段2DST测量的可重复性不及平均测量。双向ANOVA的时间效应对于前房节段舒张峰的测量，旋转和旋转速率的测量具有重要意义。分段测量的总体变化为中等或较高。运动后和心肌缺血后获得的分段和平均值峰值与基线时获得的曲线显着不同。结论本研究的结果与先前在其他动物物种和人类中描述的结果一致。