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Beyond the Swap Test: Optimal Estimation of Quantum State Overlap.
Physical Review Letters ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-14 , DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.060503
M Fanizza 1 , M Rosati 2 , M Skotiniotis 2 , J Calsamiglia 2 , V Giovannetti 1
Affiliation  

We study the estimation of the overlap between two unknown pure quantum states of a finite-dimensional system, given M and N copies of each type. This is a fundamental primitive in quantum information processing that is commonly accomplished from the outcomes of N swap tests, a joint measurement on one copy of each type whose outcome probability is a linear function of the squared overlap. We show that a more precise estimate can be obtained by allowing for general collective measurements on all copies. We derive the statistics of the optimal measurement and compute the optimal mean square error in the asymptotic pointwise and finite Bayesian estimation settings. Besides, we consider two strategies relying on the estimation of one or both states and show that, although they are suboptimal, they outperform the swap test. In particular, the swap test is extremely inefficient for small values of the overlap, which become exponentially more likely as the dimension increases. Finally, we show that the optimal measurement is less invasive than the swap test and study the robustness to depolarizing noise for qubit states.

中文翻译:

交换测试之外:量子态重叠的最佳估计。

我们研究给定每种类型的M和N副本的有限维系统的两个未知纯量子态之间的重叠估计。这是量子信息处理中的一个基本原语,通常是由N个交换测试的结果完成的,N个交换测试是对每种类型的一个副本的联合测量,其结果概率是平方重叠的线性函数。我们表明,通过对所有副本进行总体集体测量,可以获得更精确的估计。我们导出最佳测量的统计数据,并在渐近点式和有限贝叶斯估计设置中计算最佳均方误差。此外,我们考虑了两种基于对一个或两个状态的估计的策略,结果表明,尽管它们不是最优的,但它们却优于掉期测试。尤其是,对于较小的重叠值,交换测试的效率极低,随着尺寸的增加,重叠率呈指数增长的可能性更大。最后,我们证明了最佳测量比交换测试具有较小的侵入性,并研究了量子位状态下去极化噪声的鲁棒性。
更新日期:2020-02-14
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