BACKGROUND There are multiple risk factors for heart failure, but contemporary temporal trends according to sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity are unknown. METHODS Using a national UK general practice database linked to hospitalizations (1998-2017), 108 638 incident heart failure patients were identified. Differences in risk factors among patient groups adjusted for sociodemographic factors and age-adjusted temporal trends were investigated using logistic and linear regression. RESULTS Over time, a 5.3 year (95% CI, 5.2-5.5) age difference between men and women remained. Women had higher blood pressure, body mass index, and cholesterol than men (P<0.0001). Ischemic heart disease prevalence increased for all to 2006 before reducing in women by 0.5% per annum, reaching 42.7% (95% CI, 41.7-43.6), but not in men, remaining at 57.7% (95% CI, 56.9-58.6; interaction P=0.002). Diabetes mellitus prevalence increased more in men than in women (interaction P<0.0001). Age between the most deprived (74.6 years [95% CI, 74.1-75.1]) and most affluent (79.9 [95% CI, 79.6-80.2]) diverged (interaction P<0.0001), generating a 5-year gap. The most deprived had significantly higher annual increases in comorbidity numbers (+0.14 versus +0.11), body mass index (+0.14 versus +0.11 kg/m2), and lower smoking reductions (-1.2% versus -1.7%) than the most affluent. Ethnicity trend differences were insignificant, but South Asians were overall 6 years and the black group 9 years younger than whites. South Asians had more ischemic heart disease (+16.5% [95% CI, 14.3-18.6]), hypertension (+12.5% [95% CI, 10.5-14.3]), and diabetes mellitus (+24.3% [95% CI, 22.0-26.6]), and the black group had more hypertension (+12.3% [95% CI, 9.7-14.8]) and diabetes mellitus (+13.1% [95% CI, 10.1-16.0]) but lower ischemic heart disease (-10.6% [95% CI, -13.6 to -7.6]) than the white group. CONCLUSIONS Population groups show distinct risk factor trend differences, indicating the need for contemporary tailored prevention programs.

中文翻译：

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心力衰竭的危险因素：按性别，社会经济地位和种族划分的基于人口的20年趋势。

背景技术心力衰竭有多种危险因素，但是根据性别，社会经济地位和种族的当代时间趋势是未知的。方法使用与住院相关的英国国家通用实践数据库（1998-2017），确定了108 638名突发性心力衰竭患者。使用逻辑回归和线性回归，对经过社会人口统计学因素调整和年龄调整后的时间趋势的患者组之间的危险因素差异进行了调查。结果随着时间的推移，男女之间仍然存在5.3岁（95％CI，5.2-5.5）的年龄差异。女性的血压，体重指数和胆固醇水平高于男性（P <0.0001）。直到2006年为止，缺血性心脏病的患病率总体呈上升趋势，女性每年减少0.5％，达到42.7％（95％CI，41.7-43.6），而男性则没有，仍然为57.7％（95％CI，56.9-58.6；互动P = 0.002）。男性中糖尿病的患病率高于女性（交互作用P <0.0001）。最贫困的年龄段（74.6岁[95％CI，74.1-75.1]）和最富裕的年龄段（79.9 [95％CI，79.6-80.2]）之间的年龄差异（交互作用P <0.0001），产生了5年的差距。与最富裕的人群相比，最贫困的人群的合并症年增长率（+0.14对+0.11），体重指数（+0.14对+0.11 kg / m2）显着更高，而吸烟减少率则更低（-1.2％对-1.7％） 。种族趋势差异不明显，但南亚人总体上只有6岁，黑人群体比白人年轻9岁。南亚人患有更多的缺血性心脏病（+ 16.5％[95％CI，14.3-18.6]），高血压（+ 12.5％[95％CI，10.5-14.3]）和糖尿病（+ 24.3％[95％CI， 22.0-26.6]），黑人组高血压（+ 12.3％[95％CI，9.7-14.8]）和糖尿病（+ 13.1％[95％CI，10.1-16.0]）较高，但缺血性心脏病较低（-10.6％[95％] CI，-13.6至-7.6]）。结论人群显示出明显的危险因素趋势差异，表明需要采用现代量身定制的预防计划。