When a bubble bursts at the surface of a liquid, it creates a jet that may break up and produce jet droplets. This phenomenon has motivated numerous studies due to its multiple applications, from bubbles in a glass of champagne to ocean/atmosphere interactions. We simulate the bursting of a single bubble by direct numerical simulations of the axisymmetric two-phase liquid-gas Navier-Stokes equations. We describe the number, size and velocity of all the ejected droplets, for a wide range of control parameters, defined as non-dimensional numbers, the Laplace number which compares capillary and viscous forces and the Bond number which compares gravity and capillarity. The total vertical momentum of the ejected droplets is shown to follow a simple scaling relationship with a primary dependency on the Laplace number. Through a simple evaporation model, coupled with the dynamics obtained numerically, it is shown that all the jet droplets (up to fourteen) produced by the bursting event must be taken into account as they all contribute to the total amount of evaporated water. A simple scaling relationship is obtained for the total amount of evaporated water as a function of the bubble size and fluid properties. This relationship is a first important step toward building a physics-based model of the ocean-atmosphere water vapour fluxes controlled by bubbles bursting at the surface.

中文翻译：

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所有喷射液滴在破裂气泡传质中的作用

当气泡在液体表面破裂时，会形成可能破裂并产生液滴的射流。由于这种现象的广泛应用，从一杯香槟中的气泡到海洋/大气层的相互作用，已经激发了许多研究的兴趣。我们通过轴对称两相液化气Navier-Stokes方程的直接数值模拟来模拟单个气泡的破裂。我们描述了所有喷射液滴的数量，大小和速度，对于范围广泛的控制参数（定义为无量纲数字），用于比较毛细管力和粘性力的拉普拉斯数以及用于比较重力和毛细作用的邦德数。所示液滴的总垂直动量遵循简单的比例关系，主要依赖于拉普拉斯数。通过简单的蒸发模型，结合通过数值获得的动力学，表明必须考虑由爆裂事件产生的所有喷射液滴（最多14个），因为它们都对蒸发水的总量有所贡献。对于汽化水的总量，获得了一个简单的比例关系，该关系是气泡大小和流体性质的函数。这种关系是朝着建立基于物理模型的海洋迈出的重要第一步，该模型由表面破裂的气泡控制着海洋-大气水汽通量。对于蒸发水的总量，获得简单的比例关系，该关系是气泡大小和流体性质的函数。这种关系是朝着建立基于物理学的海洋-大气水汽通量模型迈出的重要的第一步，该模型由表面破裂的气泡控制。对于汽化水的总量，获得了一个简单的比例关系，该关系是气泡大小和流体性质的函数。这种关系是朝着建立基于物理模型的海洋迈出的重要第一步，该模型由表面破裂的气泡控制着海洋-大气水汽通量。