PD is a progressive and complex neurological disorder with heterogeneous symptomatology. PD is characterized by classical motor features of parkinsonism and nonmotor symptoms and involves extensive regions of the nervous system, various neurotransmitters, and protein aggregates. Extensive evidence supports auditory dysfunction as an additional nonmotor feature of PD. Studies indicate a broad range of auditory impairments in PD, from the peripheral hearing system to the auditory brainstem and cortical areas. For instance, research demonstrates a higher occurrence of hearing loss in early‐onset PD and evidence of abnormal auditory evoked potentials, event‐related potentials, and habituation to novel stimuli. Electrophysiological data, such as auditory P3a, also is suggested as a sensitive measure of illness duration and severity. Improvement in auditory responses following dopaminergic therapies also indicates the presence of similar neurotransmitters (i.e., glutamate and dopamine) in the auditory system and basal ganglia. Nonetheless, hearing impairments in PD have received little attention in clinical practice so far. This review summarizes evidence of peripheral and central auditory impairments in PD and provides conclusions and directions for future empirical and clinical research. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

中文翻译：

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帕金森病的听觉功能障碍

PD 是一种进行性和复杂的神经系统疾病，具有异质性的症状。PD 的特征是帕金森症的经典运动特征和非运动症状，涉及神经系统的广泛区域、各种神经递质和蛋白质聚集体。大量证据支持将听觉功能障碍作为 PD 的附加非运动特征。研究表明 PD 的听觉障碍范围很广，从外围听力系统到听觉脑干和皮质区域。例如，研究表明早发性 PD 中听力损失的发生率更高，并且有证据表明听觉诱发电位、事件相关电位和对新刺激的习惯异常。电生理数据，如听觉 P3a，也被建议作为疾病持续时间和严重程度的敏感指标。多巴胺能治疗后听觉反应的改善也表明听觉系统和基底神经节中存在类似的神经递质（即谷氨酸和多巴胺）。尽管如此，到目前为止，PD 的听力障碍在临床实践中很少受到关注。本综述总结了 PD 中外周和中枢听觉障碍的证据，并为未来的实证和临床研究提供了结论和方向。© 2020 国际帕金森和运动障碍协会 本综述总结了 PD 中外周和中枢听觉障碍的证据，并为未来的实证和临床研究提供了结论和方向。© 2020 国际帕金森和运动障碍协会 本综述总结了 PD 中外周和中枢听觉障碍的证据，并为未来的实证和临床研究提供了结论和方向。© 2020 国际帕金森和运动障碍协会