BACKGROUND Ethiopia has been considered as a center of diversity and the second possible center of domestication of durum wheat. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis in the existing Ethiopian durum wheat germplasm have enormous importance in enhancing breeding effort and for sustainable conservation. Hence, 192 Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 landraces collected from major wheat-growing areas of the country and 25 improved varieties released from Debre Zeit and Sinana Agricultural Research Centers, Ethiopia in different years (1994-2010) were assembled for the current study. RESULTS The panel was genotyped with a High-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina and generated 15,338 polymorphic SNPs that were used to analyze the genetic diversity and to estimate the population structure. Varied values of genetic diversity indices were scored across chromosomes and genomes. Genome-wide mean values of Nei's gene diversity (0.246) and polymorphism information content (0.203) were recorded signifying the presence of high genetic diversity within this collection. Minor allele frequency of the genome varied with a range of 0.005 to 0.5 scoring a mean value of 0.175. Improved varieties clustered separately to landraces in population structure analysis resulted from STRUCTURE, PCA and neighbor joining tree. Landraces clustering was irrespective of their geographical origin signifying the presence of higher admixture that could arise due to the existence of historical exchanges of seeds through informal seed system involving regional and countrywide farming communities in Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS Sustainable utilization and conservation of this rich Ethiopian durum wheat genetic resource is an irreplaceable means to cope up from the recurrent climate changes and biotic stresses happening widely and thereby able to keep meeting the demand of durum productivity for the ever-growing human population.

中文翻译：

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基于高密度SNP标记的埃塞俄比亚硬质小麦（Triticum turgidum ssp。durum）的遗传多样性和种群结构分析。

背景技术埃塞俄比亚已经被认为是硬质小麦多样性的中心和第二个可能的驯化中心。现有埃塞俄比亚硬质小麦种质的遗传多样性和种群结构分析对加强育种工作和可持续保护具有重要意义。因此，本研究收集了不同年份（1994-2010年）从该国主要小麦产区收集的192份埃塞俄比亚硬质小麦种质，包括167种地方品种，以及从埃塞俄比亚Debre Zeit和Sinana农业研究中心发布的25个改良品种。结果该板通过Illumina的高密度90 K小麦SNP阵列进行基因分型，并产生了15,338个多态性SNP，用于分析遗传多样性和估计种群结构。跨染色体和基因组对遗传多样性指数的各种值进行评分。记录了Nei基因多样性的全基因组平均值（0.246）和多态性信息含量（0.203），表明该收藏物中存在高度遗传多样性。基因组的次要等位基因频率在0.005至0.5范围内变化，平均值为0.175。结构，PCA和邻居加入树的结果是，在种群结构分析中，改良品种分别与地方品种聚类。地方品种的聚集与它们的地理起源无关，表明存在较高的混合物，这可能是由于通过涉及埃塞俄比亚的区域和全国农业社区的非正式种子系统进行的历史种子交换而引起的。