The objective of this study was to examine the acute toxicity and sub-lethal effects of the commercial formulation of diquat dibromide, Reward® Landscape and Aquatic Herbicide, on multiple life stages of rainbow trout. The continuous exposure 96 h LC50 derived for juvenile feeding fry aged 85 d post-hatch was 9.8 mg/L. Rainbow trout eyed embryos and juvenile feeding fry were also exposed to concentrations of Reward® ranging from 0.12 to 10 mg/L during two 24 h pulse exposures separated by 14 d of rearing in fresh water to mimic the manufacturers instructions for direct applications to water bodies. Decreased survival and body morphometrics were evident at 9.3 mg/L during the embryo/alevin exposures, but not in feeding juveniles, indicating a higher sensitivity of the early life stage fish. Quantitative proteomics and subnetwork enrichment analyses were conducted in the livers for both life stages to evaluate protein profiles after exposure to 0.37 mg/L diquat via Reward® exposure. Unique protein profiles were revealed for pre-feeding swim-up fry and for feeding juvenile fish, reflecting differences between the two life stages in sub-cellular responses after diquat dibromide exposure. Hepatic proteome effects were more dramatic in the pre-feeding swim-up fry with 315 proteins differentially expressed between the control and exposed fish while in the later life stage feeding fry, only 84 proteins were different after Reward® exposure. Exposure to Reward® significantly increased RNA/mRNA processes, induced activation of Atk/mTOR and caspase activity, and altered energy homeostasis. Proteomic alterations are associated with reduced growth observed in embryo/alevin at higher exposure concentrations, offering insight into key events underlying growth impairment within the adverse outcome pathway framework. This study is the first to report the sub-cellular and whole organism level effects of diquat dibromide in a commercial formulation and demonstrates that concentrations based on aquatic application rates alter the hepatic proteome.

中文翻译：

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生命早期虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）对水生除草剂双季铵盐二溴化物的形态和蛋白质组学响应。

这项研究的目的是研究商业化的敌草快二溴化物，Reward®Landscape和水生除草剂对虹鳟鱼多个生命阶段的急性毒性和亚致死作用。孵化后85 d的幼鱼苗连续暴露96 h LC50为9.8 mg / L。在两次24小时脉冲暴露期间，将虹鳟鱼眼的胚胎和幼体鱼苗也暴露于0.12至10 mg / L的Reward®浓度，并在淡水中饲养14天，以模仿制造商的指示以直接应用于水体。在胚胎/ alevin暴露期间，存活率和人体形态学指标明显降低，为9.3 mg / L，但在未成年幼体中则没有，这表明早期鱼类的敏感性更高。在两个生命阶段的肝脏中均进行了定量蛋白质组学和子网络富集分析，以评估通过Reward®暴露于0.37 mg / L敌草快后的蛋白质谱。揭示了用于预饲游泳鱼苗和幼鱼饲料的独特蛋白质谱，反映了敌草快接触二草枯后亚细胞反应的两个生命阶段之间的差异。肝蛋白质组学效果在预饲游泳苗中更为显着，在对照组和裸露鱼之间差异表达了315种蛋白质，而在生命后期的饲喂苗中，Reward®暴露后只有84种蛋白质有所不同。接触Reward®会显着增加RNA / mRNA的过程，诱导Atk / mTOR的活化和胱天蛋白酶的活性，并改变能量稳态。蛋白质组学改变与在较高暴露浓度下在胚胎/ alevin中观察到的生长降低有关，从而提供了对不良结局途径框架内生长受损的关键事件的深入了解。这项研究是第一个报告商业制剂中敌草快二溴化物对亚细胞和整个生物体水平的影响，并证明了基于水生施用量的浓度会改变肝脏蛋白质组。