Human‐driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio‐ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long‐standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long‐term dynamics. If co‐existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.

中文翻译：

---

鹿、狼和人：共同生活的成本、收益和挑战

人类驱动的物种灭绝即将成为一场重大危机。然而，北半球许多地区鹿和狼种群的恢复导致了冲突和争议，而不是缓解。这两个物种以复杂的方式与环境、彼此和人类相互作用。我们在与这些物种相关的生态和人类成本和收益的背景下审查这些相互作用。我们整合分散的信息，以拓宽我们对这些成本和收益的性质和看法的看法，以及它们如何相互联系以及关于我们如何管理鹿和狼种群的持续争议。在重新审视鹿和狼在当代生态系统中所扮演的生态角色之后，我们探索了它们如何直接或间接地与包括农民、林农、牧羊人、和猎人。与鹿和狼的互动会产生各种紧张局势，带来生态和社会挑战。解决这些紧张和冲突要求我们使用综合方法解决关键问题：鹿和狼的恢复对生态有什么影响？它们如何相互影响？大量鹿群和狼的存在会产生什么社会和社会生态后果？最后，要让鹿、狼和人共存，必须克服哪些关键障碍？回顾当代生态学和社会学成果，提出了一些见解和方法，可以提高我们的理解并解决长期存在的共存挑战。我们应该首先同意提高总体收益，同时最大限度地减少与鹿和狼互动所带来的集体成本。我们还应该将这些物种和我们自己视为受长期动态影响的综合生态系统的一部分。如果共存是我们的目标，我们需要鹿和狼以符合人类利益的方式坚持下去。然而，我们的人类利益应该具有包容性，并公平地评估鹿和狼带来的所有成本和收益，包括它们的内在价值。已经发生的人类态度和文化学习的转变将重塑我们与鹿和狼的生态互动。应该具有包容性并公平地评估鹿和狼带来的所有成本和收益，包括它们的内在价值。已经发生的人类态度和文化学习的转变将重塑我们与鹿和狼的生态互动。应该具有包容性并公平地评估鹿和狼带来的所有成本和收益，包括它们的内在价值。已经发生的人类态度和文化学习的转变将重塑我们与鹿和狼的生态互动。