Previous research indicates that risk for substance use is associated with poor inhibitory control. However, it remains unclear whether at-risk youth follow divergent patterns of inhibitory control development. As part of the longitudinal National Consortium on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Alcohol study, participants (N = 113, baseline age: 12–21) completed a rewarded antisaccade task during fMRI, with up to three time points. We examined whether substance use risk factors, including psychopathology (externalizing, internalizing) and family history of substance use disorder, were associated with developmental differences in inhibitory control performance and BOLD activation. Among the examined substance use risk factors, only externalizing psychopathology exhibited developmental differences in inhibitory control performance, where higher scores were associated with lower correct response rates (p = .013) and shorter latencies (p < .001) in early adolescence that normalized by late adolescence. Neuroimaging results revealed higher externalizing scores were associated with developmentally-stable hypo-activation in the left middle frontal gyrus (p < .05 corrected), but divergent developmental patterns of posterior parietal cortex activation (p < .05 corrected). These findings suggest that early adolescence may be a unique period of substance use vulnerability via cognitive and phenotypic disinhibition.

先前的研究表明，物质使用的风险与抑制控制不良有关。但是，尚不清楚处于危险中的青年是否遵循抑制控制发展的不同模式。作为全国青少年神经发育和酒精纵向研究联盟的一部分，参与者（N = 113，基线年龄：12-21岁）在fMRI期间完成了一项奖励性的抗扫视任务，最多三个时间点。我们检查了包括精神病理学（外部化，内在化）和药物滥用障碍家族史在内的药物滥用危险因素是否与抑制控制性能和BOLD激活的发育差异有关。在所检查的物质使用风险因素中，只有外在的心理病理表现出抑制控制性能的发展差异，其中较高的分数与较低的正确回应率（p = .013）和较短的潜伏期（p <.001）相关，而青春期后期则恢复正常。神经影像学结果显示，较高的外在化分数与左中额额回的发育稳定的低激活有关（p <.05校正），但是后顶叶皮层激活的发散模式不同（p <.05校正）。这些发现表明，青春期早期可能是通过认知和表型抑制作用引起的物质使用脆弱性的独特时期。神经影像学结果显示，较高的外在化分数与左中额额回的发育稳定的低激活有关（p <.05校正），但后顶叶皮层激活的发散模式不同（p <.05校正）。这些发现表明，青春期早期可能是通过认知和表型抑制作用导致药物滥用的独特时期。神经影像学结果显示，较高的外在化分数与左中额额回的发育稳定的低激活有关（p <.05校正），但是后顶叶皮层激活的发散模式不同（p <.05校正）。这些发现表明，青春期早期可能是通过认知和表型抑制作用导致药物滥用的独特时期。