Achieving remarkable and reversible mechanochromism from a bright ionic AIEgen with high specificity for mitochondrial imaging and secondary aggregation emission enhancement for long-term tracking of tumors,Materials Chemistry Frontiers

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Achieving remarkable and reversible mechanochromism from a bright ionic AIEgen with high specificity for mitochondrial imaging and secondary aggregation emission enhancement for long-term tracking of tumors
Materials Chemistry Frontiers ( IF 6.0 ) Pub Date : 2020/01/22 , DOI: 10.1039/c9qm00744j
Xinzhe Yang _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5} , Qian Wang _{6,

7,

8,

9,

10} , Peiyu Hu _{6,

7,

8,

9,

10} , Chao Xu _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5} , Wenjing Guo _{6,

7,

8,

9,

10} , Zhi Wang _{6,

7,

8,

9,

10} , Zhu Mao _{4,

10,

11,

12} , Zhan Yang _{4,

10,

11,

12} , Cong Liu _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5} , Guang Shi _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5} , Ling Chen _{6,

7,

8,

9,

10} , Bingjia Xu _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5} , Zhenguo Chi _{4,

10,

11,

13,

14}

Affiliation

Strong intermolecular interactions that are in favour of elevating the luminescence efficiencies of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are usually detrimental to the generation of obvious mechanochromism (MC). Therefore, it remains a challenge to develop MC-active AIE compounds that show high fluorescence quantum yield and a significant emission wavelength change simultaneously. Herein, a purely organic AIEgen and its ionic species, namely, TCPy and TCPyP, have been constructed by simultaneously employing tetraphenylethene (TPE) and phenylacrylonitrile as essential chromophores. It is found that both luminogens are highly emissive in the solid state and afford content Φ_F,s values of 0.90 and 0.52, respectively. Concurrently, TCPy has been determined to possess mechanochromism (MC) properties, but only gives a small emission variation of 14 nm under mechanical stimuli. By contrast, TCPyP exhibits remarkable and reversible MC with a large Δλ_em,max value of up to 90 nm, representing the state-of-the-art MC performance for ionic AIEgens. Single crystal analysis reveals that the prominent MC of TCPyP mainly originates from the presence of bulky hexafluorophosphate anions in the crystal structure, which can enlarge the intermolecular distance to slightly weaken the intermolecular interactions and thereby result in the transformation of H-aggregates to J-aggregates upon grinding treatment. Besides, TCPyP shows much higher mitochondrial specificity in comparison with TCPy and enables mitochondrial staining with high brightness and good biocompatibility in living cells. Moreover, an abnormal phenomenon of secondary aggregation emission enhancement is observed by using this ionic AIEgen as a bioprobe for in vivo imaging, which allows long-term tracking of the tumor in nude mice. All these results suggest that the ionic AIEgen TCPyP has potential for various practical applications, including sensing, anti-counterfeiting, cell imaging and cancer diagnosis.

中文翻译：

通过对线粒体成像具有高特异性的明亮离子AIEgen，实现了显着且可逆的机械致变色，可长期追踪肿瘤

强烈的分子间相互作用有利于提高聚集诱导的发光致发光剂（AIEgens）的发光效率，通常不利于明显的机械变色（MC）的产生。因此，开发同时具有高荧光量子产率和显着发射波长变化的MC活性AIE化合物仍然是一个挑战。在此，通过同时使用四苯基乙烯（TPE）和苯基丙烯腈作为必需生色团来构建纯有机AIEgen及其离子物质，即TCPy和TCPyP。发现这两种发光剂在固态下均具有高发射率，并具有含量ΦF _，s值分别为0.90和0.52。同时，已确定TCPy具有机械变色（MC）特性，但在机械刺激下仅产生14 nm的小发射变化。与此相反，显示出TCPyP显着的和可逆的MC具有大Δ λ _EM，最大高达90 nm的数值，代表了离子AIEgen的最新MC性能。单晶分析表明，TCPyP的突出MC主要来自晶体结构中庞大的六氟磷酸根阴离子的存在，它可以扩大分子间的距离，从而略微弱化分子间的相互作用，从而导致H-聚集体转变为J-聚集体经过研磨处理。另外，与TCPy相比，TCPyP显示出更高的线粒体特异性，并且能够在活细胞中以高亮度和良好的生物相容性进行线粒体染色。此外，通过使用该离子型AIEgen作为体内生物探针，观察到二次聚集发射增强的异常现象。成像，可以长期追踪裸鼠中的肿瘤。所有这些结果表明，离子型AIEgen TCPyP在各种实际应用中具有潜力，包括传感，防伪，细胞成像和癌症诊断。

更新日期：2020-03-05

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