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Determinants of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in school children and the contribution of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water.
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-29 , DOI: 10.1039/c9em00497a
Anders Glynn 1 , Natalia Kotova , Elin Dahlgren , Christian Lindh , Kristina Jakobsson , Irina Gyllenhammar , Sanna Lignell , Cecilia Nälsén
Affiliation  

Little is known about the demographic/life-style/physiological determinants explaining the variation of serum perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in children. We identified significant determinants in children and investigated the influence of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water (DW) (<10 ng L-1 of single PFAAs) on serum concentrations. Four perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were analyzed in serum from 5th grade children from 11 Swedish schools (N = 200; average age: 12 years) using liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry. Data on demography and life-style/physiological factors were obtained by questionnaires. PFAA concentrations in raw and drinking water (DW) were obtained from the water works supplying DW to the schools. In multiple regression analyses school was the determinant contributing most to the variation in PFAA concentrations, with the lowest contribution for PFHpA (10%) and the highest for PFHxS (81%). Girls had lower adjusted mean concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, PFNA and PFDA than boys, but a higher concentration of PFHxA. Girls reporting onset of menstruation had lower PFHxS and PFOA concentrations than other girls, suggesting menstrual bleeding elimination. Children born by mothers from less industrialized countries had lower mean concentrations of both PFSAs and PFCAs than children with mothers from highly industrialized countries, suggesting differences in early-life exposure. Life-style factors associated with paternal education levels appeared to influence PFAA concentrations differently than maternal education level. Already at an average DW PFHxS concentration of 2 ng L-1, children had a significantly higher adjusted mean serum PFHxS concentration than at an average DW concentration of <1.6 ng PFHxS L-1. Similar results were observed for PFOS and PFOA. The DW variable explained 16% (PFOA) to 78% (PFHxS) of the variation in serum PFAA concentrations, suggesting that low-level-contaminated DW is a significant source of exposure for children in Sweden. Although some of the associations, especially those with menstruation and maternal birth country, should be interpreted with extra caution due to the small size of the study, the results contribute to future work on identifying populations of children at risk of elevated PFAA exposures.

中文翻译:

影响小学生全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)血清浓度的因素以及低水平PFAA污染的饮用水的影响。

关于人口学/生活方式/生理学决定因素的知识知之甚少,这些因素解释了儿童血清全氟烷基酸(PFAA)浓度的变化。我们确定了儿童的重要决定因素,并调查了低水平PFAA污染的饮用水(DW)(单个PFAA的<10 ng L-1)对血清浓度的影响。使用液相色谱-串联质谱法分析了来自瑞典11所学校(N = 200;平均年龄:12岁)的5年级儿童血清中的四种全氟磺酸(PFSA)和11种全氟羧酸(PFCA)。通过问卷调查获得了有关人口统计学和生活方式/生理因素的数据。从向学校供应DW的自来水厂获得原水和饮用水(DW)中的PFAA浓度。在多元回归分析中,决定因素是导致PFAA浓度变化最大的决定因素,其中PFHpA的贡献最低(10%),而PFHxS的贡献最大(81%)。女孩的PFHxS,PFOS,PFNA和PFDA的平均调整浓度低于男孩,但PFHxA的浓度较高。报告月经发作的女孩的PFHxS和PFOA浓度低于其他女孩,表明消除了月经出血。工业化程度较低的国家的母亲所生的孩子比工业化程度较高的国家的母亲所生的孩子的PFSA和PFCA的平均浓度要低,这表明在早期生活中的接触存在差异。与父亲教育水平相关的生活方式因素似乎对PFAA浓度的影响不同于母亲教育水平。在DW PFHxS-1的平均DW浓度下,儿童的平均血清PFHxS调整后的平均血清浓度明显高于<1.6 ng PFHxS-1的平均DW浓度。对于全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸也观察到了类似的结果。DW变量解释了血清PFAA浓度变化的16%(PFOA)至78%(PFHxS),这表明低水平污染的DW是瑞典儿童暴露的重要来源。尽管由于研究规模较小,对某些协会,特别是那些与月经和产妇国有关的协会,应特别谨慎地加以解释,但这些结果有助于今后开展工作,确定有较高PFAA暴露风险的儿童人群。与平均DW浓度<1.6 ng PFHxS L-1相比,儿童的调整后平均血清PFHxS浓度明显更高。对于全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸也观察到了类似的结果。DW变量解释了血清PFAA浓度变化的16%(PFOA)至78%(PFHxS),这表明低水平污染的DW是瑞典儿童暴露的重要来源。尽管由于研究规模较小,对某些协会,特别是那些与月经和产妇国有关的协会,应特别谨慎地加以解释,但这些结果有助于今后开展工作,确定有较高PFAA暴露风险的儿童人群。与平均DW浓度<1.6 ng PFHxS L-1相比,儿童的调整后平均血清PFHxS浓度明显更高。对于全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸也观察到了类似的结果。DW变量解释了血清PFAA浓度变化的16%(PFOA)至78%(PFHxS),这表明低水平污染的DW是瑞典儿童暴露的重要来源。尽管由于研究规模较小,对某些协会,特别是那些与月经和产妇国有关的协会,应特别谨慎地加以解释,但这些结果有助于今后开展工作,确定有较高PFAA暴露风险的儿童人群。DW变量解释了血清PFAA浓度变化的16%(PFOA)至78%(PFHxS),这表明低水平污染的DW是瑞典儿童暴露的重要来源。尽管由于研究规模较小,对某些协会,特别是那些与月经和产妇国有关的协会,应特别谨慎地加以解释,但这些结果有助于今后开展工作,确定有较高PFAA暴露风险的儿童人群。DW变量解释了血清PFAA浓度变化的16%(PFOA)至78%(PFHxS),这表明低水平污染的DW是瑞典儿童暴露的重要来源。尽管由于研究规模小,对某些协会,特别是那些与月经和产妇国有关的协会,应特别谨慎地加以解释,但这些结果有助于今后开展工作,确定有较高PFAA暴露风险的儿童人群。
更新日期:2020-01-23
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