Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogens, infecting human beings and a wide range of animals, in particular, dairy cattle. Globally. S. aureus causing bovine mastitis is one of the biggest problems and an economic burden facing the dairy industry with a strong negative impact on animal welfare, productivity, and food safety. Furthermore, its smart pathogenesis, including facultative intracellular parasitism, increasingly serious antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation, make it challenging to be treated by conventional therapy. Therefore, the development of nanoparticles, especially liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanogels, and inorganic nanoparticles, are gaining traction and excellent tools for overcoming the therapeutic difficulty accompanied by S. aureus mastitis. Therefore, in this review, the current progress and challenges of nanoparticles in enhancing the S. aureus mastitis therapy are focused stepwise. Firstly, the S. aureus treatment difficulties by the antimicrobial drugs are analyzed. Secondly, the advantages of nanoparticles in the treatment of S. aureus mastitis, including improving the penetration and accumulation of their payload drugs intracellular, decreasing the antimicrobial resistance, and preventing the biofilm formation, are also summarized. Thirdly, the progression of different types from the nanoparticles for controlling the S. aureus mastitis are provided. Finally, the difficulties that need to be solved, and future prospects of nanoparticles for S. aureus mastitis treatment are highlighted. This review will provide the readers with enough information about the challenges of the nanosystem to help them to design and fabricate more efficient nanoformulations against S. aureus infections.

中文翻译：

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用于治疗牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎的纳米颗粒。


金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）是最重要的人畜共患细菌病原体之一，感染人类和多种动物，特别是奶牛。全球范围内。引起牛乳腺炎的金黄色葡萄球菌是乳制品行业面临的最大问题之一和经济负担，对动物福利、生产力和食品安全产生强烈的负面影响。此外，其复杂的发病机制，包括兼性细胞内寄生、日益严重的抗菌药物耐药性和生物膜形成，使得传统疗法难以治疗。因此，纳米颗粒，特别是脂质体、聚合物纳米颗粒、固体脂质纳米颗粒、纳米凝胶和无机纳米颗粒的开发正在获得关注，并成为克服金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎治疗困难的​​优秀工具。因此，在这篇综述中，逐步重点关注纳米粒子在增强金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎治疗方面的当前进展和挑战。首先分析了抗菌药物治疗金黄色葡萄球菌的难点。其次，总结了纳米颗粒在治疗金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎中的优势，包括提高其有效负载药物在细胞内的渗透和积累、降低抗菌药物耐药性、防止生物膜形成。第三，提供了用于控制金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎的不同类型纳米颗粒的进展。最后强调了纳米颗粒治疗金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎需要解决的困难和未来前景。 这篇综述将为读者提供有关纳米系统挑战的足够信息，帮助他们设计和制造更有效的对抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的纳米制剂。