BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid profiles, chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Dietary intervention plays a crucial role in the control of diabetes. Flaxseed oil (FO), a plant-derived omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) which has been proved to benefit for chronic metabolic disease. However, the exact effects of dietary FO on T2DM remains largely unclear. METHODS In the present study, SD rats were randomly allocated into four groups: pair-fed (PF) with corn oil (CO) group (PF/CO); DM with CO group (DM/CO); PF with FO group (PF/FO); DM with FO group (DM/FO). A diabetic rat model was generated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). After 5 weeks of intervention, rats were euthanized and associated indications were investigated. RESULTS Dietary FO significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (GHb), blood lipid, plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-17A and malondialdehyde (MDA), compared to control group, respectively. Moreover, body mass (BM) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DM/FO group were dramatically increased respectively, compared with those in DM/CO group. But insulin (INS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) remained no significant difference between DM/CO group and DM/FO group. Sequencing analysis of gut microbiota showed a reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Blautia, as well as a reduction in the ratio of Bacteroidetes-Firmicutes in DM/FO group compared to DM/CO group. An elevation in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes were detected in DM/FO group. Acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid belonging to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as gut microbiota metabolites, were dramatically increased after FO intervention. Correlation analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Blautia were positively correlated with IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A or LPS, respectively. Additionally, Bacteroidetes and Alistipes were negatively correlated with LPS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, dietary FO ameliorated T2DM via suppressing inflammation and modulating gut microbiota, which may potentially contribute to dietary control of diabetes.

中文翻译：

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富含omega-3的膳食亚麻籽油可通过抗发炎和调节大鼠肠道菌群来抑制2型糖尿病的严重程度。

背景技术2型糖尿病（T2DM）与高血糖症，异常血脂谱，慢性低度炎症和肠道营养不良密切相关。饮食干预在控制糖尿病方面起着至关重要的作用。亚麻籽油（FO）是一种植物来源的omega-3（ω-3）多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），富含α-亚麻酸（ALA），已证明对慢性代谢性疾病有益。但是，饮食中FO对T2DM的确切作用仍不清楚。方法在本研究中，SD大鼠随机分为四组：成对饲粮（PF）和玉米油（CO）组（PF / CO）。带CO组的DM（DM / CO）; PF与FO组（PF / FO）; 带FO组的DM（DM / FO）。通过单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素-烟酰胺（STZ-NA）生成糖尿病大鼠模型。经过5周的干预，对大鼠实施安乐死并研究相关适应症。结果饮食FO可显着降低空腹血糖（FBG），糖化血红蛋白（GHb），血脂，血浆脂多糖（LPS），白介素（IL）-1β，肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α，IL-6，IL-17A和丙二醛（MDA）分别与对照组比较。此外，与DM / CO组相比，DM / FO组的体重（BM）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）分别显着增加。但是，DM / CO组和DM / FO组的胰岛素（INS）和胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR）仍无显着差异。肠道菌群的测序分析显示，沙门氏菌和蓝藻的相对丰度降低，以及与DM / CO组相比，DM / FO组中拟杆菌的比率降低。在DM / FO组中发现了拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝类的相对丰度升高。FO干预后，属于肠道微生物群代谢产物的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）中的乙酸，丙酸和丁酸急剧增加。相关分析表明，Firmicutes和Blautia的相对丰度分别与IL-1β，TNF-α，IL-6，IL-17A或LPS正相关。另外，拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝氏菌与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。在DM / FO组中发现了拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝类的相对丰度升高。FO干预后，属于肠道微生物群代谢产物的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）中的乙酸，丙酸和丁酸急剧增加。相关分析表明，Firmicutes和Blautia的相对丰度分别与IL-1β，TNF-α，IL-6，IL-17A或LPS正相关。另外，拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝氏菌与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。在DM / FO组中发现了拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝类的相对丰度升高。FO干预后，属于肠道微生物群代谢产物的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）中的乙酸，丙酸和丁酸急剧增加。相关分析表明，Firmicutes和Blautia的相对丰度分别与IL-1β，TNF-α，IL-6，IL-17A或LPS正相关。另外，拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝氏菌与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。FO干预后，属于肠道微生物群代谢产物的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）中的丙酸和丁酸急剧增加。相关分析表明，Firmicutes和Blautia的相对丰度分别与IL-1β，TNF-α，IL-6，IL-17A或LPS正相关。另外，拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝氏菌与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。FO干预后，属于肠道微生物群代谢产物的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）中的丙酸和丁酸急剧增加。相关分析表明，Firmicutes和Blautia的相对丰度分别与IL-1β，TNF-α，IL-6，IL-17A或LPS正相关。另外，拟杆菌属和阿利斯贝氏菌与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。拟杆菌和阿利斯贝斯与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。拟杆菌和阿利斯贝斯与脂多糖呈负相关。结论总之，饮食中的FO可通过抑制炎症和调节肠道菌群来改善T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。