BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol taxation and availability restrictions are among the most effective methods for reducing alcohol use and problems, yet may affect demographic subgroups differently. Understanding who responds to specific policies can inform approaches for reducing disparities. We examined how state-level beverage-specific taxes and availability restrictions in the United States are associated with consumption and alcohol-related problems across subgroups defined by gender and race/ethnicity. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data came from the 2000-15 National Alcohol Surveys (n = 28 251), computer-assisted telephone cross-sectional surveys of United States residents aged 18+. African Americans and Hispanics were oversampled. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were beverage-specific (beer, wine, spirits and total) volume, DSM-IV alcohol dependence and alcohol-related consequences. Analyses entailed survey-weighted log-log and logistic regressions adjusting for state-level beer tax, spirits tax, government-controlled spirits sales and sales tax; respondent ZIP-code-level density of off-premise beer outlets, off-premise spirits outlets and on-premise bars; respondent individual-level age, marital status, education, employment and income; and fixed effects for wet/moderate/dry US region and year. FINDINGS Higher beer tax was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with lower odds of any drinking among white women [odds ratio (OR) = 0.98] and lower beer volume (price-elasticity = -0.40), total volume (price-elasticity = -0.50) and odds of alcohol-related consequences (OR = 0.84) among African American women. Higher spirits tax was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with both lower beer and total volume among Hispanic women (price-elasticities = -0.73 and - 1.04, respectively) and men (price-elasticities = -1.19 and - 0.92, respectively) and decreased wine volume among Hispanic women (price-elasticity = -0.62). Apparent protective effects of living in a state with government-controlled spirits sales or a neighborhood with lower bar density was greater among white men than other groups. CONCLUSIONS The effects of beverage-specific taxes and alcohol availability policies may vary across subgroups, highlighting the importance of considering differential policy impacts in future research and intervention.

中文翻译：

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美国各州酒精政策与酒精结果之间的关系：性别和种族/民族的差异


背景和目标 酒精税和供应限制是减少酒精使用和问题的最有效方法之一，但可能对人口亚群体产生不同的影响。了解谁对特定政策做出反应可以为减少差异的方法提供信息。我们研究了美国州级饮料特定税收和供应限制如何与按性别和种族/民族定义的亚群体的消费和酒精相关问题相关。设计、设置和参与者 数据来自 2000-15 年全国酒精调查（n = 28 251），这是对 18 岁以上美国居民进行的计算机辅助电话横断面调查。非裔美国人和西班牙裔美国人被过度采样。测量 主要结果是特定饮料（啤酒、葡萄酒、烈酒和总量）的量、DSM-IV 酒精依赖和酒精相关后果。分析需要对州级啤酒税、烈酒税、政府控制的烈酒销售和销售税进行调查加权双对数和逻辑回归调整；受访者店外啤酒店、店外烈酒店和店内酒吧的邮政编码密度；受访者个人年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度、就业情况和收入；以及美国湿润/中等/干燥地区和年份的固定效应。研究结果 较高的啤酒税与白人女性饮酒的几率较低显着相关（比值比 (OR) = 0.98），并且啤酒销量（价格弹性 = -0.40）、总销量（价格弹性 = -0.50）以及非洲裔美国女性中酒精相关后果的几率（OR = 0.84）。在西班牙裔女性中，较高的烈酒税与较低的啤酒量和总量显着相关（P < 0.05）（价格弹性 = -0.73 和 - 1）。04）和男性（价格弹性分别为 -1.19 和 - 0.92），西班牙裔女性的葡萄酒销量减少（价格弹性 = -0.62）。对于白人来说，生活在政府控制烈酒销售的州或酒吧密度较低的社区的明显保护作用比其他群体更大。结论特定饮料税和酒精供应政策的影响可能因亚组而异，凸显了在未来研究和干预中考虑不同政策影响的重要性。