BACKGROUND Fluensulfone is a nematicide with a novel mode of action against plant parasitic nematodes. Here, we utilize in vitro hatching assays to investigate fluensufone's ability to inhibit Globodera pallida hatching, relative to the efficacy of other distinct classes of nematicides. RESULTS Fluensulfone, abamectin, aldicarb and fluopyram inhibit G. pallida hatching from cysts more potently than from isolated eggs. At 1 μM for cysts, the order of potency is fluensulfone> fluopyram> abamectin> aldicarb. At low concentrations of fluensulfone, inhibition of hatching is reversible, however, more than 50% of the juveniles that hatch from cysts pre-treated with fluensulfone have reduced motility. This is observed to a lesser extent with abamectin, fluopyram and aldicarb. When cysts are exposed to higher concentrations of fluensulfone (≥500 μM), abamectin (≥100 μM) and fluopyram (≥50 μM) inhibition of hatching is irreversible. This results from the loss of encysted juvenile structure giving rise to a granulated appearance consistent with necrosis, suggesting a nematicidal effect. Intriguingly, hatching initiated by root diffusate is arrested when egg populations are subsequently exposed to fluensulfone. CONCLUSION Fluensulfone, abamectin, fluopyram and aldicarb inhibit G. pallida hatching. Fluensulfone is a potent inhibitor of hatching and impacts on the viability of the J2 s emerging from the cysts. This activity, and the previously described impaired motility and metabolism of hatched juveniles, show that fluensulfone's distinct mode of action among existing nematicides intersects at two pivotal steps of the parasitic life cycle.

中文翻译：

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氟砜、阿维菌素、涕灭威和氟吡菌酰胺对苍白球虫孵化的不同抑制作用

背景技术氟砜是一种对植物寄生线虫具有新型作用方式的杀线虫剂。在这里，我们利用体外孵化试验来研究氟磺草醚抑制苍白球虫孵化的能力，相对于其他不同类别的杀线虫剂的功效。结果 氟磺隆、阿维菌素、涕灭威和氟吡菌酰胺比分离卵更有效地抑制苍白球虫从包囊中孵化。对于包囊，浓度为 1 μM 时，效力顺序为氟砜 > 氟吡菌酰胺 > 阿维菌素 > 涕灭威。在低浓度的氟砜，孵化抑制是可逆的，但是，超过 50% 从用氟砜预处理的包囊孵化的幼鱼的运动性降低。使用阿维菌素、氟吡菌酰胺和涕灭威在较小程度上观察到这种情况。当包囊暴露于较高浓度的氟砜 (≥500 μM) 时，阿维菌素 (≥100 μM) 和氟吡菌酰胺 (≥50 μM) 对孵化的抑制是不可逆的。这是由于包囊幼虫结构丧失导致出现与坏死一致的颗粒状外观，表明具有杀线虫作用。有趣的是，当鸡蛋种群随后暴露于氟砜时，由根扩散启动的孵化会被阻止。结论 氟磺隆、阿维菌素、氟吡菌酰胺和涕灭威抑制苍白球虫的孵化。氟砜是孵化和影响从包囊中出现的 J2 生存能力的有效抑制剂。这种活动，以及先前描述的孵化幼鱼的运动性和代谢受损，表明氟砜