Plants adapted to special soil types are ideal for investigating evolutionary processes, including maintenance of intraspecific variation, adaptation, reproductive isolation, ecotypic differentiation, and the tempo and mode of speciation. Common garden and reciprocal transplant approaches show that both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to edaphic (soil-related) specialization. Edaphic specialists evolve rapidly and repeatedly in some lineages, offering opportunities to investigate parallel evolution, a process less commonly documented in plants than in animals. Adaptations to soil features are often under the control of major genes and they frequently have direct or indirect effects on genes that contribute to reproductive isolation. Both reduced competitiveness and greater susceptibility to herbivory have been documented among some edaphic specialists when grown in ‘normal’ soils, suggesting that a high physiological cost of tolerance may result in strong divergent selection across soil boundaries. Interactions with microbes, herbivores, and pollinators influence soil specialization either by directly enhancing tolerance to extremes in soil conditions or by reducing gene flow between divergent populations. Climate change may further restrict the distribution of edaphic specialists due to increased competition from other taxa or, expand their ranges, if preadaptations to drought or other abiotic stressors render them more competitive under a novel climate.

中文翻译：

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从 Edaphic 专业化研究中获得的进化教训

适应特殊土壤类型的植物是研究进化过程的理想选择，包括维持种内变异、适应、生殖隔离、生态型分化以及物种形成的节奏和模式。常见的花园和互惠移植方法表明，局部适应和表型可塑性都有助于土壤（与土壤相关）专业化。Edaphic 专家在某些谱系中快速且反复进化，为研究平行进化提供了机会，这一过程在植物中的记录不如动物中常见。对土壤特征的适应通常受主要基因的控制，并且它们经常对导致生殖隔离的基因产生直接或间接的影响。当在“正常”土壤中生长时，一些土壤专家已经记录了竞争性降低和对食草动物的更大敏感性，这表明耐受性的高生理成本可能导致跨越土壤边界的强烈发散选择。与微生物、食草动物和传粉者的相互作用通过直接增强对极端土壤条件的耐受性或通过减少不同种群之间的基因流动来影响土壤特化。由于来自其他分类群的竞争加剧，气候变化可能会进一步限制土壤专家的分布，或者如果对干旱或其他非生物压力的预先适应使它们在新气候下更具竞争力，则扩大它们的范围。表明耐受性的高生理成本可能导致跨土壤边界的强烈发散选择。与微生物、食草动物和传粉者的相互作用通过直接增强对极端土壤条件的耐受性或通过减少不同种群之间的基因流动来影响土壤特化。由于来自其他分类群的竞争加剧，气候变化可能会进一步限制土壤专家的分布，或者如果对干旱或其他非生物压力的预先适应使它们在新气候下更具竞争力，则扩大它们的范围。表明耐受性的高生理成本可能导致跨土壤边界的强烈发散选择。与微生物、食草动物和传粉者的相互作用通过直接增强对极端土壤条件的耐受性或通过减少不同种群之间的基因流动来影响土壤特化。由于来自其他分类群的竞争加剧，气候变化可能会进一步限制土壤专家的分布，或者如果对干旱或其他非生物压力的预先适应使它们在新气候下更具竞争力，则扩大它们的范围。