The increasing penetration of residential photovoltaics (PV) comes with numerous challenges for distribution system operators. Technical difficulties arise when an excess of PV energy is injected into the grid, causing voltage rise or overloading of the lines. Economic challenges appear because PV owners and consumers are not participating equally in the grid costs. Indeed, PV owners benefit by self-consuming their PV production and by gaining additional revenues when they sell their PV surplus to the grid. Hence, they lower their grid costs. In this paper, we propose a mixed-integer-linear programming approach to solve the design and operation of a PV and battery system efficiently. We use this tool to benchmark five different tariff scenarios, which include real-time pricing, a capacity-based tariff, and a block rate tariff, and evaluate their effect on the design and operation of the system. Carefully tailored metrics show the impact of these tariff structures on the trade-off between the economic viability of privately owned energy systems and their grid usage intensity. Considering both aspects, we show that a block rate tariff is the most promising approach and that capacity-based tariffs rely on PV curtailment alone to curtail the generation peaks.

中文翻译：

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先进的电价结构对具有储能功能的并网光伏系统的优化设计，运行和盈利能力的影响

住宅光伏（PV）的日益普及给配电系统运营商带来了众多挑战。当过多的PV能量注入电网时，会引起技术难题，从而导致电压升高或线路过载。出现经济挑战是因为光伏所有者和消费者没有平等地分担电网成本。实际上，光伏所有者可以通过自用其光伏产品并在将多余的光伏产品出售给电网时获得更多收益而受益。因此，它们降低了电网成本。在本文中，我们提出了一种混合整数线性规划方法，以有效解决光伏和电池系统的设计和运行问题。我们使用此工具对五个不同的关税方案进行基准测试，其中包括实时定价，基于容量的关税和按块收费的关税，并评估它们对系统设计和操作的影响。精心定制的度量标准显示了这些关税结构对私有能源系统的经济可行性与其电网使用强度之间的权衡取舍的影响。考虑到这两个方面，我们表明，块价电价是最有前途的方法，而基于容量的电价仅依靠减少光伏发电来减少发电高峰。