When resources, such as food, territory, and potential mates are limited, competition among animals of the same species is inevitable. Over bouts of agonistic interactions, winners and losers are determined. Losing is a traumatic experience, both physically and psychologically. Losers not only need to deploy a set of species-specific defensive behaviors to minimize the physical damage during defeat, but also adjust their behavior towards the winners to avoid future fights in which they are likely disadvantaged. The expression of defensive behaviors and the fast and long-lasting changes in behaviors accompanying defeat must be supported by a complex neural circuit. This review summarizes the brain regions that have been implicated in coping with social defeat, one centered on basolateral amygdala and the other on ventromedial hypothalamus. Gaps in our knowledge and hypotheses that may help guide future experiments are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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应对社会失败的神经回路。

当食物，领土和潜在伴侣等资源受到限制时，同一物种的动物之间的竞争是不可避免的。经过激烈的互动，确定了赢家和输家。失去是一种身心上的创伤经历。失败者不仅需要部署一组特定于物种的防御行为，以最大程度地减少失败时的物理伤害，还需要调整其对获胜者的行为，以避免将来可能遭受不利影响的战斗。防御行为的表达以及伴随着失败的行为的快速而持久的变化必须由复杂的神经回路来支持。这篇综述总结了与应对社交失败有关的大脑区域，一个集中在基底外侧杏仁核，另一个集中在腹侧下丘脑。