This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.

中文翻译：

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补贴城市和郊区交通–分布影响

本文研究了集中在大奥斯陆地区的公共交通（PT）补贴的分配效应。我们确定了不同的PT市场如何享受不同级别的补贴。我们描述了补贴如何沿着PT模式及其各自的惠顾进行分配。这是通过文件研究和旅行调查来完成的，并辅以专家查询。我们发现，由区域火车和高速手工艺品服务的高收入群体获得的每位乘客和每位乘客公里补贴很大，而通常由本地和区域公共汽车，地铁和本地火车服务的低收入地区的收入较低每位乘客的补贴。高峰流量比非高峰流量获得更高的补贴。但是，总体的分布情况是中等程度的进步，