Due to the increased number of fatalities and injuries in motor vehicle accidents, it is crucial to study the kinematic and kinetic occupant response during collisions, specifically the head and neck response due to their vulnerable nature. In Part I we have addressed rear end collisions. In Part II we examine occupant response in frontal and lateral collisions. Two multibody dynamics models of the cervical spine of the 50th percentile male were developed and validated. The cervical spine was modeled as a series of rigid links connected through single and two degrees of freedom viscoelastic joints. In addition, finite element simulations of two compact sedan vehicle were conducted to capture realistic crash acceleration of the driver seat in frontal and lateral collision scenarios. Furthermore, finite element simulations were performed to capture the kinematic and kinetic response of a seated restrained male occupant subjected to the realistic seat accelerations in frontal and lateral collisions. Finally, the possibility of injury in frontal, lateral and rear collisions was evaluated. The evaluation of ligament injury risk shows high risk of injury at the interspinous ligament in frontal collision, at the anterior longitudinal ligament in rear collision and at the near-side capsular ligament in lateral collision. The highest vertebral fracture risks were found at the mid- and lower cervical spine in rear and lateral collisions. The outcomes of this work provide a better understanding of occupant injury mechanism during frontal, lateral and rear collisions which is essential to enhancing motor vehicle safety.

由于机动车事故中死亡和受伤人数的增加，研究碰撞过程中乘员的运动学和动力学反应，尤其是头部和颈部的反应，由于其易受伤害的性质，至关重要。在第一部分中，我们讨论了后端碰撞。在第二部分中，我们研究了正面和侧面碰撞中的乘员反应。建立并验证了第50个百分位男性的颈椎的两个多体动力学模型。颈椎建模为一系列通过单自由度和两个自由度粘弹性关节连接的刚性链接。此外，还进行了两辆紧凑型轿车的有限元模拟，以捕获在正面和侧面碰撞情况下驾驶员座椅的真实碰撞加速度。此外，进行了有限元模拟，以捕获在正面和侧面碰撞中实际坐姿加速时受约束的就座男性乘员的运动学和动力学响应。最后，评估了正面，侧面和后方碰撞中受伤的可能性。韧带损伤风险的评估显示，正面碰撞时棘突间韧带，背面碰撞中前纵韧带和侧面碰撞中近侧囊状韧带受伤的风险较高。在后方和侧面碰撞中，中，下颈椎的椎骨骨折风险最高。这项工作的成果使人们更好地了解了正面，侧面和后方碰撞过程中的乘员伤害机制，这对于提高汽车安全性至关重要。