Public-interest goods benefit consumers and also generate external benefits boosting societal welfare. Despite this characteristic of these goods, their level of consumption or production are generally well below the socially desirable levels without intervention. Motivated by influenza vaccine market, this paper examines the intervention design problem for a public-interest good facing yield uncertainty in production as well as inefficiencies in distribution and allocation. The proposed mechanism considers two intervention tools with the aim of resolving the inefficiencies in the system and allowing the actors to take socially desirable decisions. The first tool is to intervene so that demand level for the good is increased; we call it demand increasing strategy. The second tool aims to support the production, allocation, and distribution by investing in research and development and better planning and enhances the availability; we call this as availability increasing strategy. The intervention design problem is based on stylized demand and availability models that take into account investments made to improve them. The model suggested is experimented by a numerical study to analyze the impact of applying proposed joint mechanism in US influenza vaccine market. The results show that proposed strategy is very effectual in terms of vaccination percentages achieved and budget savings realized beyond the current practices, and the improvement in vaccination percentages is even greater when uncertainty in the system is higher. Besides, the results suggest that as long as the parameter calibration and decision problems are solved consistently, availability can be approximated by its average value when necessary.

中文翻译：

---

设计疫苗市场干预方案：双层规划方法。


公益产品在惠及消费者的同时，也产生外部效益，促进社会福利。尽管这些商品具有这一特征，但在不进行干预的情况下，它们的消费或生产水平通常远低于社会理想水平。本文受流感疫苗市场的推动，探讨了公共利益产品面临生产产量不确定性以及分配和分配效率低下的干预设计问题。拟议的机制考虑了两种干预工具，旨在解决系统效率低下的问题，并允许参与者做出符合社会需要的决策。第一个工具是进行干预，以提高对该商品的需求水平；我们称之为需求增加策略。第二个工具旨在通过投资研发和更好的规划来支持生产、分配和分配，并提高可用性；我们将此称为可用性增加策略。干预设计问题基于程式化的需求和可用性模型，并考虑到改进这些模型的投资。通过数值研究对所建议的模型进行了实验，以分析在美国流感疫苗市场中应用所提出的联合机制的影响。结果表明，就实现的疫苗接种百分比和实现的预算节省而言，所提出的策略非常有效，超出了当前的做法，并且当系统的不确定性较高时，疫苗接种百分比的改善甚至更大。此外，结果表明，只要一致地解决参数校准和决策问题，必要时可用其平均值来近似可用性。