Botrychium s.s. is a cosmopolitan fern genus comprising about 35 currently recognized species. Despite unexpected high genetic diversity recently highlighted within Botrychium lunaria in the circumboreal region, few studies have included representative samples from Central Europe. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the phylogeography of B. lunaria in the Central-European Mountain System and to compare it with that of flowering plants. Two noncoding chloroplast regions (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) were sequenced (918 bp) from 87 individuals from 34 populations in the major European mountain chains (Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, Vosges, Black Forest, Alps, Apennines, and Carpathians). Among the 24 haplotypes found in the B. lunaria aggregate in Europe, bayesian phylogeny and median-joining network support four main clades (LUN1, LUN2, LUN3, and TUN). NST and GST comparison as well as homogeneous groups indicated by SAMOVA indicate a clear phylogeographical pattern. However, unlinked to geographical distance, genetic diversity is greatest in the Prealps and highlights three main barriers to gene flow: S–N of Central Alps (Aosta-Lepontic Alps), and two separating E–W Alps (Lago di Como-Rhaetian Alps and Dolomites-Noric-Julian Alps). Our results indicate that alpine populations of the B. lunaria aggregate survived the Quaternary glaciations in situ in two main refugia, in the southern and eastern periphery of the Alps. Not only areas with higher values of genetic diversity, but also refugia and sites of geographical boundaries to gene flow, appear similar in both ferns and flowering plants.

中文翻译：

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中欧山地系统中基于叶绿体DNA的月亮草蕨类植物Botrychium lunaria（Ophioglossaceae）的系统记录

Botrychium ss是一种大都会蕨类，包括大约35个目前公认的物种。尽管最近在圆环地区的灰葡萄孢中突出显示了出乎意料的高遗传多样性，但很少有研究包括来自中欧的代表性样本。因此，这项工作的目的是研究B的系统地理学。中欧山区系统中的月球菌，并将其与开花植物进行比较。两个非编码叶绿体区域（psb A- trn H和trnLF）在欧洲主要山脉（内华达山脉，比利牛斯山脉，中央山脉，朱拉，孚日，黑森林，阿尔卑斯山，亚平宁山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉）的34个种群中的87个个体中进行了测序（918 bp）。在欧洲B. lunaria聚集体中发现的24个单倍型中，贝叶斯系统发育和中值连接网络支持四个主要进化枝（LUN1，LUN2，LUN3和TUN）。NST和GST的比较以及SAMOVA表示的均质基团表明其系统谱清晰。但是，与地理距离无关，遗传多样性在Prealps地区最大，突出了基因流动的三个主要障碍：中部阿尔卑斯山（Aosta-Lepontic阿尔卑斯山）的SN，以及两个分离的E-W阿尔卑斯山（Lago di Como-Rhaetian阿尔卑斯山）和白云岩-诺里克-朱利安阿尔卑斯山）。我们的结果表明，B. lunaria聚集体在阿尔卑斯山脉南部和东部的两个主要避难所中幸存于第四纪冰川。在蕨类植物和开花植物中，不仅遗传多样性价值更高的地区，而且避难所和基因流动的地理边界位点看起来都相似。