Circadian clocks are a common feature of life on our planet, allowing physiology and behaviour to be adapted to recurrent environmental fluctuation. There is now compelling evidence that disturbance of circadian coherence can severely undermine mental and physical health, as well as exacerbate pre‐existing pathology. Common molecular design principles underpin the generation of cellular circadian rhythms across the kingdoms, and in animals, the genetic components are extremely well conserved. In mammals, the circadian timing mechanism is present in most cell types and establishes local cycles of gene expression and metabolic activity. These distributed tissue clocks are normally synchronized by a central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), located in the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, most clocks of the body remain responsive to non‐SCN‐derived hormonal and metabolic cues (for example, re‐alignment of liver clocks to altered meal patterning). It has been demonstrated that the clock is an influential regulator of energy metabolism, allowing key pathways to be tuned across the 24‐hr cycle as metabolic requirements fluctuate. Furthermore, clock components, including Cryptochrome and Rev‐Erb proteins, have been identified as essential modulators of the innate immune system and inflammatory responses. Studies have also revealed that these proteins regulate glucocorticoid receptor function, a major drug target and crucial regulator of inflammation and metabolism.

中文翻译：

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先天免疫和应激反应的昼夜节律

生物钟是我们星球上生命的一个共同特征，它使生理和行为能够适应周期性的环境波动。现在有令人信服的证据表明，昼夜节律连贯性紊乱会严重损害身心健康，并加剧先前存在的病理。共同的分子设计原则支撑着整个王国中细胞昼夜节律的产生，在动物中，遗传成分得到了极好的保护。在哺乳动物中，昼夜节律机制存在于大多数细胞类型中，并建立了基因表达和代谢活动的局部循环。这些分布式组织时钟通常由位于下丘脑的中央起搏器，即视交叉上核 (SCN) 同步。尽管如此，身体的大多数时钟仍然对非 SCN 衍生的激素和代谢信号有反应（例如，肝脏时钟重新排列以适应改变的膳食模式）。已经证明，时钟是能量代谢的一个有影响力的调节器，允许在 24 小时周期内随着代谢需求的波动调整关键途径。此外，时钟成分，包括隐花色素和 Rev-Erb 蛋白，已被确定为先天免疫系统和炎症反应的重要调节剂。研究还表明，这些蛋白质调节糖皮质激素受体功能，这是一种主要的药物靶点，也是炎症和代谢的关键调节剂。已经证明，时钟是能量代谢的一个有影响力的调节器，允许在 24 小时周期内随着代谢需求的波动调整关键途径。此外，时钟成分，包括隐花色素和 Rev-Erb 蛋白，已被确定为先天免疫系统和炎症反应的重要调节剂。研究还表明，这些蛋白质调节糖皮质激素受体功能，这是一种主要的药物靶点，也是炎症和代谢的关键调节剂。已经证明，时钟是能量代谢的一个有影响力的调节器，允许在 24 小时周期内随着代谢需求的波动调整关键途径。此外，时钟成分，包括隐花色素和 Rev-Erb 蛋白，已被确定为先天免疫系统和炎症反应的重要调节剂。研究还表明，这些蛋白质调节糖皮质激素受体功能，这是一种主要的药物靶点，也是炎症和代谢的关键调节剂。