Emerging technological advances in wireless communication and networking have led to the design of large scale networks and small sensor units with minimal power requirements and multifunctional processing. Though energy harvesting technologies are improving, the energy of sensors remains a scarce resource when designing routing protocols between sensor nodes and base station. This paper proposes a multi-hop graph-based approach for an energy-efficient routing (MH-GEER) protocol in wireless sensor networks which aims to distribute energy consumption between clusters at a balanced rate and thus extend networks’ lifespans. MH-GEER deals with node clustering and inter-cluster multi-hop routing selection. The clustering phase is built upon the centralized formation of clusters and the distributed selection of cluster heads similar to that of low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). The routing phase builds a dynamic multi-hop path between cluster heads and the base station. Our strategy is about exploring the energy levels in the entire network and using these to select the next hop in a probabilistic, intelligent way. Performance evaluation shows that MH-GEER minimizes energy depletion in distant clusters and ensures load balancing in a network, thus improving the network’s lifetime and stability compared with single-hop conventional LEACH protocol.

中文翻译：

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无线传感器网络中基于多跳图的节能路由协议方法

无线通信和网络方面的新兴技术进步导致了具有最小功率要求和多功能处理的大型网络和小型传感器单元的设计。尽管能量收集技术正在改善，但是在设计传感器节点和基站之间的路由协议时，传感器的能量仍然是稀缺资源。本文针对无线传感器网络中的节能路由（MH-GEER）协议提出了一种基于多跳图的方法，旨在以均衡的速率在集群之间分配能耗，从而延长网络的使用寿命。MH-GEER处理节点群集和群集间多跳路由选择。聚类阶段建立在聚类的集中形成和类似于低能耗自适应聚类层次结构（LEACH）的聚类头的分布式选择上。路由阶段在群集头和基站之间建立动态多跳路径。我们的策略是探索整个网络中的能量水平，并使用这些能量以概率，智能的方式选择下一跳。性能评估表明，与单跳常规LEACH协议相比，MH-GEER可以最大程度地减少遥远群集中的能量消耗，并确保网络中的负载平衡，从而提高了网络的寿命和稳定性。我们的策略是探索整个网络中的能量水平，并使用这些能量以概率，智能的方式选择下一跳。性能评估表明，与单跳常规LEACH协议相比，MH-GEER可以最大程度地减少遥远群集中的能量消耗，并确保网络中的负载平衡，从而提高了网络的寿命和稳定性。我们的策略是探索整个网络中的能量水平，并使用这些能量以概率，智能的方式选择下一跳。性能评估表明，与单跳常规LEACH协议相比，MH-GEER可以最大程度地减少遥远群集中的能量消耗，并确保网络中的负载平衡，从而提高了网络的寿命和稳定性。