Abstract

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered universal regulators of tissue homeostasis. They are promising for the repair of skeletal muscles after injuries and diseases. Although the main participants of muscle regeneration are myosatellites, resident MSCs and those sent from the bone marrow in response to damage are also involved. MSCs are capable of myogenic differentiation and fusion with muscle cells. However, the paracrine secretion of regulatory molecules by MSCs is more important for regeneration. They promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in the injured muscle. Factors secreted by MSCs affect all stages of the reparative process. This allows MSCs to be used for the complex delivery of bioactive molecules. The prospects for the use of MSCs were demonstrated in various experimental models of muscle damage, such as mechanical and chemical injuries, atrophy, ischemia, and genetically determined muscular dystrophy. Improvement of MSC delivery to the muscle can increase the efficiency of regeneration. Cell transplantation on artificial scaffolds makes it possible to achieve this goal. The ultrasound treatment of muscles also concentrates MSCs at the injury site. Magnetic cells delivery is another way to increase their concentration. The paracrine activity of MSCs can be enhanced via preconditioning with different stimuli, which changes the secretory profile of cells in the desired direction. Genetic modification of MSCs also increases their therapeutic potential. MSCs produce extracellular vesicles with regulatory molecules such as miRNAs. The use of these vesicles and molecules is a new area of regenerative medicine. MSC activation stimulates tissue regeneration due to internal reserves and can therefore be considered a tool of in vivo tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

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间充质基质细胞参与肌肉组织再生

摘要

间充质基质细胞（MSCs）被认为是组织稳态的通用调节剂。它们在损伤和疾病后有望修复骨骼肌。尽管肌肉再生的主要参与者是同种异体肌，但常驻MSC和因损伤而从骨髓送来的MSC也参与其中。MSC能够进行肌源性分化并与肌肉细胞融合。但是，MSC的旁分泌分泌调节分子对于再生更为重要。它们促进受伤肌肉中细胞的存活，增殖和分化。MSC分泌的因子会影响修复过程的所有阶段。这允许将MSC用于生物活性分子的复杂递送。在各种肌肉损伤实验模型中证明了使用MSC的前景，例如机械和化学损伤，萎缩，局部缺血和遗传性肌营养不良。MSC向肌肉的递送的改善可以增加再生效率。在人工支架上进行细胞移植可以实现这一目标。肌肉的超声治疗还将MSC集中在损伤部位。磁性细胞传递是增加其浓度的另一种方法。MSC的旁分泌活性可以通过用不同的刺激进行预处理来增强，这会沿所需方向改变细胞的分泌特性。MSC的基因修饰也增加了其治疗潜力。MSC产生带有调控分子（例如miRNA）的细胞外囊泡。这些囊泡和分子的使用是再生医学的新领域。