The main objective of the current research was to evaluate nitrate content in different brands of bottled drinking waters sold in Iranian markets using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk associated with the consumption of drinking water containing this contaminant. The concentrations of nitrate in different brands of bottled waters in Iranian markets from 16 previous studies during 2010–2018 were derived and used for human health risk assessment. PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and also Iranian database (Irandoc) were searched to find all published studies regarding the levels of nitrate in bottled drinking waters in Iran. The health risk assessment was estimated using chronic daily intake and hazard quotient based on the methodology suggested by the USEPA. The levels of nitrate in published studies varied considerably, ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 35.2 mg/L which were less than the regulatory limit of 45 mg/L for drinking water set by the USEPA. The ranges of CDI values for bottled waters were as follows: 5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [mean 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)], 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [mean 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) – 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [mean 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)] for men, women, and children, respectively. The results showed that health risk in all the studies was well within the safe zone (HQ < 1) during all the years, which indicates that these bottled waters do not induce non-carcinogenic risk. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in studied groups was as: men > women > children.

中文翻译：

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在伊朗市场销售的瓶装饮用水中硝酸盐的非致癌健康风险评估：蒙特卡罗模拟

当前研究的主要目标是使用文献中的可用数据评估在伊朗市场上销售的不同品牌瓶装饮用水中的硝酸盐含量，并评估与饮用含有这种污染物的饮用水相关的健康风险。从 2010 年至 2018 年期间的 16 项先前研究中得出伊朗市场上不同品牌瓶装水的硝酸盐浓度并用于人类健康风险评估。搜索了 PubMed、Scopus、Science Direct、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 以及伊朗数据库 (Irandoc)，以查找有关伊朗瓶装饮用水中硝酸盐含量的所有已发表研究。健康风险评估是根据 USEPA 建议的方法，使用慢性每日摄入量和危害商数估算的。已发表研究中的硝酸盐含量差异很大，从 0.1 毫克/升到 35.2 毫克/升不等，低于美国环保局设定的饮用水监管限值 45 毫克/升。瓶装水的 CDI 值范围如下：5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [平均 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)]， 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [平均 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) –男性、女性和儿童分别为 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [平均 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)]。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。1 mg/L 至 35.2 mg/L，低于 USEPA 规定的饮用水 45 mg/L 的监管限值。瓶装水的 CDI 值范围如下：5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [平均 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)]， 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [平均 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) –男性、女性和儿童分别为 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [平均 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)]。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。1 mg/L 至 35.2 mg/L，低于 USEPA 规定的饮用水 45 mg/L 的监管限值。瓶装水的 CDI 值范围如下：5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [平均 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)]， 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [平均 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) –男性、女性和儿童分别为 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [平均 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)]。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。瓶装水的 CDI 值范围如下：5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [平均 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)]， 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [平均 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) –男性、女性和儿童分别为 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [平均 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)]。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会诱发非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。瓶装水的 CDI 值范围如下：5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [平均 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)]， 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [平均 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) –男性、女性和儿童分别为 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [平均 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)]。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。和孩子，分别。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。和孩子，分别。结果表明，所有研究中的健康风险在所有年份都处于安全区域内（HQ < 1），这表明这些瓶装水不会引起非致癌风险。研究组中非致癌健康风险的顺序为：男性>女性>儿童。