It has been widely perceived that three-dimensional bioprinted synthetic tissues and organ can be a clinical treatment option for damaged or diseased tissue repair and replacement. Conventional tissue engineering approaches have limited control over the regeneration of scaffold geometries and cell distribution. With the advancement of new biomaterials and additive manufacturing techniques, it is possible to develop physiologically relevant functional tissues or organs with living cells, bioactive molecules and growth factors within predefined complex 3D geometries. In this perspective, this review discusses how hydrogel-based bioinks can be used to mimic native tissue-like extracellular matrix environment, with optimal mechanical and structural integrity for patient-specific tissue regeneration, in reference to advanced bioprinting technologies to bioprint multitude of multicomponent bioinks. This review also summarizes various bioprinting techniques, the gelation and biodegradation mechanisms of hydrogel-based bioinks, the properties required for ideal bioink, challenges to design bioinks, as well as reviews the fabrication of 3D printed cardiac tissue, cartilages, brain-like tissue, bionic ear, and urinary system.

中文翻译：

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用于软组织 3D 生物打印的基于水凝胶的生物墨水概述

人们普遍认为，三维生物打印合成组织和器官可以成为受损或患病组织修复和替换的临床治疗选择。传统的组织工程方法对支架几何形状和细胞分布的再生控制有限。随着新生物材料和增材制造技术的进步，有可能在预定义的复杂 3D 几何形状内开发具有活细胞、生物活性分子和生长因子的生理相关功能组织或器官。从这个角度来看，本综述讨论了如何使用基于水凝胶的生物墨水来模拟天然组织样细胞外基质环境，并为患者特异性组织再生提供最佳的机械和结构完整性，参考先进的生物打印技术，对多种多组分生物墨水进行生物打印。本综述还总结了各种生物打印技术、基于水凝胶的生物墨水的凝胶化和生物降解机制、理想生物墨水所需的特性、设计生物墨水的挑战，并回顾了 3D 打印心脏组织、软骨、类脑组织的制造，仿生耳和泌尿系统。