Galls are neoformed structures induced by specific animals, fungi, bacteria, virus or some parasitic plants on their host plant organs. Developmental processes are well known in Agrobacterium tumefasciens galls, but the animal-induced galls have a striking anatomical diversity, concerning several patterns, which were reunited herein. Anatomical traits observed in animal-induced galls involve manipulation of plant morphogenesis in convergent ways. Nematode, mite and insect galls usually contain homogeneous storage parenchyma and develop due to hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy. The development of typical nutritive tissues, giant cells, or hypertrophied vascular bundles may occur. Some other anatomical features may be usually restricted to galls induced by specific taxa, but they may eventually be related to the developmental potentialities of the host plants. The combination of distinct morphogenetic peculiarities in each gall system culminates in extant gall structural diversity. Convergent anatomical traits are observed according to the feeding mode of the gall inducers, representing potentiation or inhibition of similar events of host plant morphogenesis and cell redifferentiation, independent of gall-inducing taxa.

中文翻译：

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喂养和其他胆方面：胆结构中的模式和决定因素

瘿是由特定动物、真菌、细菌、病毒或一些寄生植物在其宿主植物器官上诱导形成的新结构。根癌农杆菌瘿的发育过程是众所周知的，但动物诱导的瘿具有惊人的解剖多样性，涉及几种模式，在此重新统一。在动物诱导的瘿中观察到的解剖特征涉及以收敛方式操纵植物形态发生。线虫、螨和虫瘿通常含有均质的贮藏薄壁组织，并因增生和细胞肥大而发育。可能会出现典型的营养组织、巨细胞或肥大的维管束。其他一些解剖特征通常可能仅限于由特定分类群引起的瘿，但它们最终可能与寄主植物的发育潜力有关。每个瘿系统中不同形态发生特性的结合最终形成了现存的瘿结构多样性。根据瘿诱导剂的饲养模式观察到趋同的解剖特征，代表宿主植物形态发生和细胞再分化的类似事件的增强或抑制，独立于诱导瘿的分类群。