Forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia are cleared to allow livestock production. Deforestation contributes significantly to climate change and losses of biodiversity. Degradation by scrubs reduces pasture productivity after a few years, thus leading farmers to deforest new areas. For this reason, sustaining cultivated pastures is of major importance for cattle farms. Intensive pasture management techniques have been proposed to the farmers, with little success so far. Our hypothesis is that these techniques are not implemented by farmers due to weak work organisation. Here, we assessed the diversity of forage system work of dairy farms in a municipality on the Transamazon Highway. We analysed factors explaining the adoption of intensive pasture management techniques. We monitored seven dairy farms, with a specific work assessment approach to build synthetic qualification variables and an interview of 29 dairy farmers to characterise the diversity of forage system work. Our results show four tasks related to their technical content: pasture maintenance, renovation, land maintenance and exceptional work. The total duration of work is variable, from 17 to 278 days per year, depending on the technical management choices. Some farmers are autonomous in carrying out the work, but in several cases, wage workers may contribute significantly, from 33 to 100%. We identified five types of forage system work. They oppose very simplified technical management carried out in autonomy by the family workforce to intensive techniques based on a high level of delegation to permanent wage workers. The results show that forage system work is related to the technical management choices and distribution of work between farmers and permanent wage workers. Forage system work also depends on the amount of work dedicated to the dairy herd, the role of milk in the farm, and the weight of other farming and non-farming activities. Finally, intensive pasture management techniques are linked to a high quantity of work with pasture maintenance, hired permanent workers and specialised dairy farms.

中文翻译：

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亚马逊河牧场的饲草系统工作的多样性和集约化技术的采用

巴西亚马逊河的森林生态系统已被清除，以允许畜牧业生产。毁林对气候变化和生物多样性的丧失有重大贡献。几年后，灌木丛造成的退化降低了牧场的生产力，从而导致农民砍伐新的森林。因此，维持耕地对养牛场至关重要。已经向农民提出了集约化牧场管理技术，但至今收效甚微。我们的假设是，由于工作组织薄弱，农民没有采用这些技术。在这里，我们评估了Transamazon公路上一个城市的奶牛场的饲草系统工作的多样性。我们分析了解释采用集约化牧场管理技术的因素。我们监控了七个奶牛场，通过特定的工作评估方法来建立综合资格变量，并采访了29位奶牛场主，以表征草料系统工作的多样性。我们的结果显示了四个与它们的技术内容相关的任务：牧场维护，翻新，土地维护和出色的工作。总工作时间是可变的，每年从17到278天不等，具体取决于技术管理选择。一些农民有自主权从事这项工作，但在某些情况下，工资工人的贡献可能很大，从33％增至100％。我们确定了五种草料系统工作。他们反对由家庭工人自主进行的非常简单的技术管理，即基于高水平下放给永久性工资工人的强化技术。结果表明，饲草系统的工作与技术管理的选择以及农民和固定工之间的工作分配有关。饲草系统的工作还取决于奶牛场的工作量，牛奶在农场中的作用以及其他农业和非农业活动的重量。最后，集约化的牧场管理技术与牧场维护，雇用的永久工人和专业奶牛场的大量工作联系在一起。