Major compositions of water-soluble ionic species in particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively) over the Yellow Sea were collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign in 2016 onboard the research vessel Gisang 1. The secondary ionic species (NH₄⁺, nss-SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁻) in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 accounted for 84% and 89% of the total analyzed species. NH₄⁺ was strongly correlated with non-sea salt (nss) SO₄²⁻ (nss-SO₄²⁻) in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5; NO₃⁻ was closely correlated with Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and nss-Ca²⁺ in PM₁₀ and NH₄⁺ in PM_2.5. High mass concentrations of methane sulfonic acid (MSA, CH₃SO₃⁻), the main source of natural sulfates over the Yellow Sea, were observed. The concentrations of MSA were found to show an increasing trend over the Yellow Sea in recent years. Biogenic sulfur contributions to the total nss-SO₄²⁻ (MSA/nss-SO₄²⁻ ratio) over the Yellow Sea ranged from 1.4% to 9.2% in PM₁₀ and from 0.68% to 9.5% in PM_2.5 during the cruise. Thus, biogenic nss-SO₄²⁻ must be included, especially in the spring and early summer seasons, when biological activities are elevated in Northeast Asia. We classified the high aerosol mass concentration cases such as Asian dust and haze cases. In Asian dust cases, the ratio of NO₃⁻ to nss-SO₄²⁻ in the aerosols showed that mobile (stationary) sources mainly affected PM₁₀ (PM_2.5). The major chemical species for Asian dust cases over the Yellow sea were CaCO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, Na(NO₃)₂, and sea salt. In haze cases over the Yellow sea, the contributions from stationary sources are high and the major species were (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively.

中文翻译：

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KORUS-AQ战役期间黄海海洋边界层气溶胶的水溶性离子特征

在2016年韩美空气质量（KORUS-AQ）活动期间，收集了黄海中直径小于10和2.5μm（分别为PM ₁₀和PM _2.5）的颗粒物中的水溶性离子物质的主要成分板载研究船Gisang 1.次级离子种（NH ₄ ⁺，NSS-SO ₄ ^2-和NO ₃ ^- ）在PM ₁₀和PM _2.5占84％，总的89％分析物种。NH ₄ ⁺与PM _10中的非海盐（nss）SO ₄ ^2-（nss-SO ₄ ^2-）密切相关和PM _2.5 ; NO ₃ ^-密切用Na相关⁺，镁²⁺，和NSS钙²⁺在PM ₁₀和NH ₄ ⁺中的PM _2.5。甲磺酸的高质量浓度（MSA，CH ₃ SO ₃ ^- ），经黄海天然硫酸盐的主要来源，观察到。最近几年，发现黄海中的MSA浓度呈上升趋势。黄海中生物硫对总nss-SO ₄ ^2-的贡献（MSA / nss-SO ₄ ^2-的比例）在PM中为1.4％至9.2％巡航期间，从PM _2.5降到₁₀和0.68％至9.5％。因此，必须包括生物nss-SO ₄ ^2-，特别是在春季和夏季初，东北亚地区的生物活动增加时。我们对高气溶胶质量浓度案例进行了分类，例如亚洲的粉尘和霾案例。在亚洲灰尘的情况下，NO的比率₃ ^-到NSS-SO ₄ ^2-中的气溶胶表明移动（固定）的来源主要影响PM ₁₀（PM _2.5）。黄海亚洲尘埃案例的主要化学种类为CaCO ₃，Ca（NO ₃）₂，Mg（NO ₃）。₂，Na（NO ₃）₂和海盐。在黄海上空的霾害案例中，来自稳定源的贡献很大，主要种类分别是PM ₁₀和PM _2.5中的（NH ₄）₂ SO ₄和NH ₄ NO ₃。