Disentangling the relative importance of environmental variables and interspecific interaction in modulating co-occurrence patterns of sympatric species is essential for understanding the mechanisms of community assembly and biodiversity. For the two sympatric Galliformes, Silver Pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) and White-necklaced Partridges (Arborophila gingica), we know little about the role of habitat use and interspecific interactions in modulating their coexistence. We adopted a probabilistic approach incorporating habitat preference and interspecific interaction using occupancy model to account for imperfect detection, and used daily activity pattern analysis to investigate the co-occurrence pattern of these two sympatric Galliformes in wet and dry seasons. We found that the detection probability of Silver Pheasant and White-necklaced Partridge were related to habitat variables and interspecific interaction. The presence of Silver Pheasant increases the detection probability of White-necklaced Partridge in both the wet and dry season. However, the presence of White-necklaced Partridges increases the detection probability of Silver Pheasants in the wet season, but decreases the probability in the dry season. Further, Silver Pheasants were detected frequently in the sites of high values of enhanced vegetable index (EVI) in both the wet and dry season, and in sites away from human residential settlement in the wet season. White-necklaced partridges were mainly detected in low EVI sites. The site use probabilities of two Galliformes were best explained by habitat variables, Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges preferred steeper areas during the wet and dry season. Both species mainly occurred in low EVI areas during the wet season and occupied sites away from the resident settlement during the dry season. Moreover, the site use probabilities of two species had opposite relationships with forest canopy coverage. Silver Pheasants preferred areas with high forest canopy coverage whereas White-necklaced Partridges preferred low forest canopy coverage in the dry season, and vice versa in the wet season. Species interaction factor (SIF) corroborated weak evidence of the dependence of the site use of one species on that of the other in the either dry or wet season. Temporally, high overlapping of daily activity pattern indicated no significantly temporal niche differentiation between sympatric Galliformes in both wet and dry seasons. Our results demonstrated that the presence of two species influenced the detection probability interactively and there was no temporal partitioning in activity time between Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges in the wet and dry seasons. The site use probability of two Galliformes was best explained by habitat variables, especially the forest canopy coverage. Therefore, environmental variables and interspecific interaction are the leading drivers regulating the detection and site use probability and promoting co-occurrence of Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges.

中文翻译：

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栖息地和种间相互作用的共同作用决定了同胞鸡形目的共生模式

理解环境变量和种间相互作用在调节同养物种共生模式中的相对重要性对于理解社区组装和生物多样性的机制至关重要。对于两个同伴的鸡形目，Silver鸡（Lophura nycthemera）和白项链Part（Arborophila gingica），我们对栖息地利用和种间相互作用在调节它们共存中的作用了解甚少。我们采用概率模型，结合栖息地偏好和种间相互作用（使用占用模型）来解决不完善的检测问题，并使用日常活动模式分析来研究这两个同伴鸡形目在湿季和旱季的共现模式。我们发现，Ph鸡和白项链Part的检测概率与栖息地变量和种间相互作用有关。银野鸡的存在增加了在潮湿和干燥季节白项链Part的检测概率。然而，白项链Part的存在增加了在雨季中发现野鸡的可能性，而在旱季中则减少了可能性。此外，在雨季和旱季都在高蔬菜指数（EVI）值较高的地点以及在雨季远离人类居住区的地点频繁发现白Ph。白项链part主要在EVI较低的位置发现。栖息地变量可以最好地解释两个鸡形目的站点使用概率，野鸡在干燥和潮湿的季节里，season鸡和白项链Part更喜欢陡峭的区域。这两个物种主要发生在雨季的低EVI地区，而在旱季则居住在远离居民点的地点。此外，两个物种的站点使用概率与森林冠层覆盖率具有相反的关系。Ph鸡更喜欢森林冠层覆盖率较高的地区，而白项链preferred更喜欢干旱季节的森林冠层覆盖率低的地区，反之亦然在潮湿季节。物种相互作用因子（SIF）证实了在干旱或湿润季节中一种物种对另一种物种的用地依赖性的依赖的微弱证据。暂时 日常活动模式的高度重叠表明，在潮湿和干旱季节，同胞鸡形目之间没有明显的时间生态位分化。我们的结果表明，在湿季和干季，两种物种的存在会交互影响检测概率，并且在野鸡和白项链Part之间的活动时间上没有时间划分。栖息地变量，尤其是森林冠层覆盖率，可以最好地解释两个鸡形目的站点使用概率。因此，环境变量和种间相互作用是调节检测和站点使用可能性并促进银Ph和白项链Part共生的主要驱动力。我们的结果表明，在湿季和干季，两种物种的存在会交互影响检测概率，并且在野鸡和白项链Part之间的活动时间上没有时间划分。栖息地变量，尤其是森林冠层覆盖率，可以最好地解释两个鸡形目的站点使用概率。因此，环境变量和种间相互作用是调节检测和站点使用可能性并促进银Ph和白项链Part共生的主要驱动力。我们的结果表明，在湿季和干季，两种物种的存在会交互影响检测概率，并且在野鸡和白项链Part之间的活动时间上没有时间划分。栖息地变量，尤其是森林冠层覆盖率，可以最好地解释两个鸡形目的站点使用概率。因此，环境变量和种间相互作用是调节检测和站点使用可能性并促进银Ph和白项链Part共生的主要驱动力。尤其是林冠覆盖。因此，环境变量和种间相互作用是调节检测和站点使用可能性并促进银Ph和白项链Part共生的主要驱动力。尤其是林冠覆盖。因此，环境变量和种间相互作用是调节检测和站点使用可能性并促进银Ph和白项链Part共生的主要驱动力。