Human exposure to arsenic (As) is a global public health concern that frequently occurs through both dietary and non-dietary pathways. This is the first systematic field study that investigated the drinking water (n = 190) for concentrations of total As (As_T) and its inorganic species such as arsenate As(V) and arsenite As(III) and organic species including monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The concentrations of As_T surpassed (from 1.2- to 23-fold) the world health organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines in 28% samples collected from Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) and Lakki Marwat. Results revealed that among As species, As(III) showed the highest concentration (116 µg L⁻¹) in drinking water samples. In addition, the results revealed that the chronic or non-cancer risk (HQ > 1) and cancer risk (1.0E-03 to 1.0E-06) values were above their respective safe limits. Further, As species concentrations were determined in consumer biomarkers (n = 60) such as blood (red blood cells and plasma), hair, nails, and urine. The highest As_T (170 µg kg⁻¹) accumulation was observed in hair samples collected from the resident of D.I. Khan District. The study revealed that high As-contaminated drinking water led to its accumulation in human body that could threaten the exposed population with hazardous chronic and cancer diseases.

中文翻译：

---

摄入受砷污染的饮用水会导致健康风险和巴基斯坦人体生物标记物（头发，指甲，血液和尿液）的痕迹

人体接触砷（As）是一种全球公共卫生问题，经常通过饮食和非饮食途径发生。这是第一项系统的野外研究，研究了饮用水（n  = 190）中总砷（As _T）及其无机物（如砷酸盐As（V）和亚砷酸盐As（III））以及有机物（包括一甲基methyl酸）的浓度（n = 190）。MMA）和二甲基砷酸（DMA）收集自巴基斯坦开伯尔·普赫图赫瓦（Khyber Pakhtunkhwa）。从德拉伊斯梅尔汗（DI Khan）和拉克基·马尔瓦特（Lakki Marwat）收集的28％样品中，砷_T的浓度超过（从1.2倍至23倍）世界卫生组织（WHO）饮用水准则。结果显示，在As物种中，As（III）的浓度最高（116 µg L ^-1）在饮用水样品中。此外，结果显示，慢性或非癌症风险（HQ> 1）和癌症风险（1.0E-03至1.0E-06）值均高于各自的安全极限。此外，在 诸如血液（红细胞和血浆），头发，指甲和尿液等消费者生物标志物（n = 60）中确定了物种的浓度。最高作为_Ť（170微克千克^-1从驻地DI汗区收集毛发样品中观察到）的积累。研究表明，高砷污染的饮用水导致其在人体中的蓄积，可能使暴露人群面临危险的慢性和癌症疾病。