In the industry of oil and gas, erosion triggered by solid particle is commonly seen in pipe system and it is regarded as a severe problem.¹ In actual practice, sand is often found in pipelines and it would sometimes impinge the pipe wall, valves, and the other equipments.^2,3 Therefore, the continual emergence of erosion damages in pipelines have led to one of the dominating hazards in the field.⁴ As a complex course, a lot of factors would play their roles in imposing influence on it. Therefore, it is of vital importance to discover regularities for the aim of evaluating the erosion rate under operation conditions so as to minimize the damage to a certain extent. To this end, many investigators are sparing no efforts to study the laws of erosion and the factors that would exert influences on it. In the early years, Finnie,⁵ Bitter,⁶ and Grant and Tabakoff⁷ proposed the popular method of erosion prediction. In recent years, McLaury⁸ and Shirazi et al.⁹ developed mechanistic models for the prediction of erosion in elbow together. In addition, Meng and Ludema¹⁰ carried out detailed research works and found that a total of 28 erosion models are closely related to the impingement of solid particle in specific operating condition, and an amount of 33 key factors would work on erosion rate. Moreover, Wood et al.¹¹ established a pipe loop for the exploration of the difference existing in straight pipe and elbow. It was indicated by the results that the elbow is the weak part of the whole pipeline and the outermost wall would be faced with more serious erosion in comparison with the innermost wall. Besides, Zhu et al.¹² conducted a study on the erosion of a gas drill pipe by an experiment. It was finally concluded that although the experiment is a good way to study the erosion mechanism, it actually costs not only money but also time. Thanks to the development of computer technology, the method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) had been widely used in studies in this field. In addition, Zhang et al.³ carried out investigations on the effects of particle velocity on erosion rate in water and air flow through experiments and CFD. The results show that the simulation is consistent with the experiment. Moreover, Chen et al.¹³ performed experimental tests in elbow and plugged tee for the evaluation of results obtained from simulation. Eventually, the results conform well to the erosion trend through the analysis of the erosion data. Furthermore, Peng and Cao¹⁴ studied erosion by employing five erosion models and two particle–wall rebound models, and the results show that the E/CRC erosion model with the Grant and Tabakoff particle–wall rebound model match well with experiment. On such basis, he studied the effects of different factors on erosion in two-phase flow of water–solid, and focused on analyzing the factors such as flow velocity, particle diameter, pipe diameter, mass flow rate of solid particle, bend orientation, bending angle, and R/D rate. He finally believed that the maximum erosion zone can be evaluated briefly by the method of Stokes number threshold. Based on the studies conducted by predecessors, it is concluded that the CFD-based erosion model is quite powerful and it can be further applied for the prediction of erosion in pipelines system. Xu et al.¹⁵ conducted studies on the erosion of seawater pipelines caused by ice particles in the field of poplar shipbuilding by attaching importance to the vibration. A lot of studies have been conducted on the erosion of the pipeline caused by water–solid flow and gas–solid flow; however, few of them concentrated on the erosion resulting from the three-phase water–hydrate–solid flow.

中文翻译：

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水-水合物-固体流弯管内固体颗粒侵蚀的数值研究

在石油天然气行业，固体颗粒引起的管道系统腐蚀是常见现象，是一个严重的问题。¹在实际应用中，管道中经常会出现沙子，有时会撞击管壁、阀门等设备。^2,3因此，管道侵蚀损伤的不断出现已成为该领域的主要危害之一。⁴作为一个复杂的过程，很多因素都会对其产生影响。因此，发现规律以评估运行条件下的侵蚀速率，从而在一定程度上减少损害至关重要。为此，许多研究者正在不遗余力地研究侵蚀规律以及影响侵蚀的因素。早年，Finnie、⁵ Bitter、⁶以及 Grant 和 Tabakoff ⁷提出了流行的侵蚀预测方法。近年来，McLaury ⁸和 Shirazi 等人。^{9 人}共同开发了用于预测弯头侵蚀的机械模型。此外，Meng和Ludema ¹⁰进行了详细的研究工作，发现总共28个侵蚀模型与特定工况下固体颗粒的撞击密切相关，并且有33个关键因素会对侵蚀速率产生影响。此外，伍德等人。¹¹建立了一个管道回路，探索直管和弯管存在的差异。结果表明，弯头是整个管道的薄弱环节，最外壁比最内壁受到的侵蚀更为严重。此外，朱等人。¹²通过实验对气体钻杆的侵蚀进行了研究。最后得出的结论是，虽然实验是研究侵蚀机制的好方法，但实际上它不仅花费金钱，而且花费时间。由于计算机技术的发展，计算流体力学（CFD）方法在该领域的研究中得到了广泛的应用。此外，张等人。³通过实验和CFD研究了颗粒速度对水流和空气流中侵蚀速率的影响。结果表明，模拟与实验是一致的。此外，陈等人。¹³在弯头和堵塞三通中进行了实验测试，以评估从模拟中获得的结果。最终通过对侵蚀数据的分析，结果与侵蚀趋势吻合较好。此外，彭和曹¹⁴利用五种侵蚀模型和两种颗粒壁回弹模型研究了侵蚀，结果表明，E/CRC 侵蚀模型与 Grant 和 Tabakoff 颗粒壁回弹模型与实验吻合良好。在此基础上，研究了水固两相流中不同因素对侵蚀的影响，重点分析了流速、颗粒直径、管径、固体颗粒质量流量、弯曲方向、弯曲角度和R / D率。他最终认为可以用斯托克斯数阈值的方法来简单评价最大侵蚀带。综合前人的研究表明，基于CFD的侵蚀模型非常强大，可以进一步应用于管道系统的侵蚀预测。徐等人。^15.在杨树造船领域，重视振动，开展了冰粒对海水管道侵蚀的研究。针对水固流和气固流对管道的侵蚀，人们进行了大量的研究；然而，很少有人关注水-水合物-固体三相流引起的侵蚀。