BackgroundLandscape change and disturbance are major challenges of wildlife management worldwide. The purpose of this study is to determine the impacts of anthropogenic landscape disturbances on the abundance and habitat use of terrestrial large mammals of Nech Sar National Park. Disturbance of natural habitats for 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2013 was analyzed using descriptive metrics of different landscapes at the class level. Population estimates of large terrestrial mammals were conducted using the line-transect method. Data were collected on the distribution and abundance of human settlement, domestic animals’ sightings and livestock Karel using field observation and Google Earth digital image.ResultThe results have shown that anthropogenic disturbances lead to changes in the size, number, distance, spatial distribution and configuration of fragments in the natural habitats between 1985 and 2013. The highest anthropogenic impacts are detected on the forest and grassland habitats through fuelwood and construction wood collection, settlement and overgrazing. Large concentrations of settlement with grass-roofed and tin-roofed houses are observed in the grassland and wooded grassland habitats. Out of the recorded 1079 houses built within the park, 867 (80.4%) were mud and wood wall with grass-roofed and 212 (19.6%) were tin-roofed houses. The ratio of tin-roofed and grass-roofed houses is 0.24:1 which suggests the permanency of human settlement and the high intensity of human impact on the wildlife. About 771 cattle Karels were recorded with the ratio of Karel to house as 0.89:1 which indicates that households have at least one Karel near to their residence. These habitat disturbances have resulted in the decline of key wildlife species in Nech Sar National Park. For instance, the population of Grant’s zebra (Equus quagga) has decreased from 6500 in 1985 to 2161 in this study based on the 2013 count. The population of Swayne’s hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) has significantly decreased in the past decades from 40 in 1992 to 35 in 2008, to 12 in 2010, to four (4) in 2013 and locally extinct between 2017 and 2018 based on the Nech Sar National Park office information.ConclusionsHuman activities in the Nech Sar National Park are the root causes for the decline of key wildlife species particularly for the loss of Swayne’s hartebeest in the park over the past three decades. These changes are mainly related to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation due to deforestation, livestock overgrazing and residential expansion (tin-roofed, grass-roofed houses). Therefore, the main priority in Nech Sar National Park should be designing management strategies to restore the park as a fully functioning sustainable ecosystem and ensuring the social and economic sustainability of the local community. This intervention can be addressed by creating other means of livelihood, supplying alternative energy, establishing basic infrastructure and relocating the community out of the park. In this regard, a resettlement action plan should be prepared that could ensure the community will not come back to the protected area for livelihood.

中文翻译：

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人为景观变化对内奇萨尔国家公园陆生大型哺乳动物丰度和栖息地利用的影响

背景景观变化和干扰是全球野生动物管理的主要挑战。本研究的目的是确定人为景观干扰对内奇萨尔国家公园陆地大型哺乳动物的丰度和栖息地利用的影响。1985 年、1995 年、2005 年和 2013 年自然栖息地的干扰使用不同景观的描述性指标在类级别进行分析。大型陆生哺乳动物的种群估计是使用线样法进行的。利用野外观测和谷歌地球数字图像，收集了人类聚落、家畜目击和牲畜卡雷尔的分布和丰度数据。 结果表明，人为干扰导致大小、数量、距离、1985 年至 2013 年间自然栖息地中碎片的空间分布和配置。通过薪材和建筑木材的收集、定居和过度放牧对森林和草原栖息地的人为影响最大。在草原和树木繁茂的草原栖息地中观察到大量的草屋顶和锡屋顶房屋的聚落。公园内建有记录的1079间房屋中，867间（80.4%）为泥木墙草屋顶房屋，212间（19.6%）为铁皮屋顶房屋。铁皮房和草房的比例为0.24:1，这表明人类居住的永久性和人类对野生动物的影响程度很高。大约 771 头牛卡雷尔被记录，卡雷尔与房屋的比率为 0.89：1 表示家庭至少有一个 Karel 靠近他们的住所。这些栖息地干扰导致内奇萨国家公园的主要野生动物物种减少。例如，根据 2013 年的统计，格兰特斑马（Equus quagga）的数量从 1985 年的 6500 头减少到本研究中的 2161 头。Swayne's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) 的种群数量在过去几十年中显着减少，从 1992 年的 40 只减少到 2008 年的 35 只，2010 年减少到 12 只，2013 年减少到四 (4) 只，并在 2017 年和 2018 年之间根据 Nech Sarbes国家公园办公室信息。结论 Nech Sar 国家公园内的人类活动是主要野生动物物种数量减少的根本原因，尤其是过去 30 年公园中 Swayne 羚羊的消失。这些变化主要与由于森林砍伐、牲畜过度放牧和住宅扩张（铁皮屋顶、草屋顶房屋）导致的栖息地丧失和栖息地破碎化有关。因此，Nech Sar 国家公园的主要优先事项应该是设计管理策略，将公园恢复为一个功能齐全的可持续生态系统，并确保当地社区的社会和经济可持续性。这种干预可以通过创造其他谋生手段、提供替代能源、建立基本基础设施和将社区迁出公园来解决。在这方面，应制定移民安置行动计划，以确保社区不会回到保护区谋生。牲畜过度放牧和住宅扩建（铁皮屋顶、草屋顶房屋）。因此，Nech Sar 国家公园的主要优先事项应该是设计管理策略，将公园恢复为一个功能齐全的可持续生态系统，并确保当地社区的社会和经济可持续性。这种干预可以通过创造其他谋生手段、提供替代能源、建立基本基础设施和将社区迁出公园来解决。在这方面，应制定移民安置行动计划，以确保社区不会回到保护区谋生。牲畜过度放牧和住宅扩建（铁皮屋顶、草屋顶房屋）。因此，Nech Sar 国家公园的主要优先事项应该是设计管理策略，将公园恢复为一个功能齐全的可持续生态系统，并确保当地社区的社会和经济可持续性。这种干预可以通过创造其他谋生手段、提供替代能源、建立基本基础设施和将社区迁出公园来解决。在这方面，应制定移民安置行动计划，以确保社区不会回到保护区谋生。Nech Sar 国家公园的主要优先事项应该是设计管理策略，将公园恢复为一个功能齐全的可持续生态系统，并确保当地社区的社会和经济可持续性。这种干预可以通过创造其他谋生手段、提供替代能源、建立基本基础设施和将社区迁出公园来解决。在这方面，应制定移民安置行动计划，以确保社区不会回到保护区谋生。Nech Sar 国家公园的主要优先事项应该是设计管理策略，将公园恢复为一个功能齐全的可持续生态系统，并确保当地社区的社会和经济可持续性。这种干预可以通过创造其他谋生手段、提供替代能源、建立基本基础设施和将社区迁出公园来解决。在这方面，应制定移民安置行动计划，以确保社区不会回到保护区谋生。