Gonadotropin hormones and their receptors play a central role in the control of male and female reproduction. In recent years, there has been growing evidence surrounding the complexity of gonadotropin hormone/receptor signaling, with it increasingly apparent that the Gαs/cAMP/PKA pathway is not the sole signaling pathway that confers their biological actions. Here we review recent literature on the different receptor–receptor, receptor–scaffold, and receptor–signaling molecule complexes formed and how these modulate and direct gonadotropin hormone-dependent intracellular signal activation. We will touch upon the more controversial issue of extragonadal expression of FSHR and the differential signal pathways activated in these tissues, and lastly, highlight the open questions surrounding the role these gonadotropin hormone receptor complexes and how this will shape future research directions.

中文翻译：

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对促性腺激素受体复合物直接信号传导机制的深入了解†

促性腺激素及其受体在控制雄性和雌性生殖方面发挥着核心作用。近年来，越来越多的证据表明促性腺激素/受体信号传导的复杂性，越来越明显的是，Gαs/cAMP/PKA 通路并不是赋予其生物学作用的唯一信号通路。在这里，我们回顾了最近关于不同受体-受体、受体-支架和受体-信号分子复合物形成的文献，以及它们如何调节和指导促性腺激素依赖的细胞内信号激活。我们将讨论更具争议性的 FSHR 的性腺外表达以及在这些组织中激活的差异信号通路，最后，