The study is concerned with the Baldwin effect and Lamarckian evolution in a memetic algorithm for Euclidean Steiner tree problem (ESTP). The main aim is to examine the importance of the proposed local search procedures for the ability of the algorithm to find solutions to ESTP. Two local search procedures are proposed as a part of an evolutionary algorithm for ESTP, and the effect of their use is carefully analyzed. The correction procedure modifies the given chromosome so that it satisfies the degree and angle conditions in ESTP. The improvement procedure actively adds new Steiner points to the evaluated solution. The modified solutions are accepted with varying probability, leading to a spectrum of algorithms with a Baldwin effect on one end and Lamarckian evolution on the other. The results are carefully analyzed using proper statistical procedures (Friedman test and post-hoc procedures). To further check the ability of the proposed algorithm to find the optimal or near optimal solutions, results for problems from OR-Lib are provided.

中文翻译：

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欧氏Steiner树问题的模因算法中的Baldwin效应和Lamarckian演化

该研究涉及欧氏Steiner树问题（ESTP）的模因算法中的鲍德温效应和Lamarckian演化。主要目的是检查提议的本地搜索程序对于算法找到ESTP解决方案的能力的重要性。提出了两种本地搜索程序作为ESTP进化算法的一部分，并仔细分析了它们的使用效果。校正程序会修改给定的染色体，使其满足ESTP中的度数和角度条件。改进程序将新的Steiner点主动添加到评估的解决方案中。修改后的解决方案以不同的概率被接受，从而产生了一系列算法，一方面具有鲍德温效应，另一方面具有Lamarckian演化。使用适当的统计程序（Friedman检验和事后检验程序）仔细分析结果。为了进一步检查所提出算法找到最佳或接近最佳解的能力，提供了OR-Lib问题的结果。