This study was carried out to test prospect–refuge theory and the effect of external high-rise buildings on landscape preferences in a traditional Japanese daimyo (feudal lords) garden, namely, the Hama-rikyu Gardens located in Tokyo, Japan. Eight sites in the garden were selected to be tested with respect to their degree of openness, their degree of safety, and the ratio of background buildings present. An in situ survey was conducted with 129 people (15–18 per site) who agreed to take part in the survey. Subjects were asked to assess the view at each site in the direction indicated by a sign and to provide responses about (a) their general preference for the view, (b) their perception of the openness of the view, (c) their perception of the safety of the site, (d) their perception of the pleasantness of/disturbance from the background buildings. The results indicated that predefined open-protected sites were more preferred than the others; prospect (perceived openness) was an important indicator of the preferences, whereas the refuge-related symbols (perceived safety) of the garden were not perceived differently between the sites; the ratio of background buildings did not have a significant effect on either landscape preferences or perceived prospect–refuge attributes, whereas the perceived pleasantness of/disturbance from background buildings significantly affected the overall landscape preferences. The results indicated that the design techniques of Japanese daimyo gardens, including the usage of the Shakkei (borrowed scenery) technique, might reveal the principles of prospect–refuge theory. Furthermore, the effect of the surrounding buildings is considered to be a subjective aspect that depends on observers’ experiences and attitudes, rather than an objective one.

中文翻译：

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展望—避难所理论及高层建筑在日式园林环境中的影响的实证研究

本研究旨在检验前景-避难所理论以及外部高层建筑对日本传统大名（封建领主）花园（即位于日本东京的滨离宫花园）景观偏好的影响。选择花园中的八个地点进行开放程度、安全程度和背景建筑比例的测试。对同意参加调查的 129 人（每个站点 15-18 人）进行了实地调查。要求受试者按照标志指示的方向评估每个地点的景观，并提供关于 (a) 他们对该景观的总体偏好，(b) 他们对视野开放性的看法，(c) 他们对视野的看法场地的安全性，（d）他们对背景建筑物的愉悦/干扰的看法。结果表明，预定义的开放保护站点比其他站点更受欢迎；前景（感知开放性）是偏好的重要指标，而花园的避难所相关符号（感知安全）在不同地点之间没有不同；背景建筑的比例对景观偏好或感知的前景 - 避难所属性没有显着影响，而背景建筑的感知愉悦/干扰显着影响整体景观偏好。结果表明，日本大名花园的设计技术，包括Shakkei（借景）技术的使用，可能会揭示前景-避难理论的原理。此外，