Detection of anthraquinone in tea samples marketed in Europe is raising a concern due to the possible carcinogenicity of this compound. The European Union has set a very low maximum residue level (MRL) for anthraquinone residue in tea (0.02 mg/kg). The available method analyses for anthraquinone are mostly by gas chromatography (GC) coupled by mass spectrophotometer (MS) which are relatively more expensive instruments and not always available to moderately equipped laboratories. This study was aimed to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea using liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detector (HPLC–UV) and then assessed the risk associated with consuming infusion tea with anthraquinone residue. The analysis was conducted by low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by quantification by HPLC–UV, while the risk assessment was analyzed by calculating the risk quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (R) based on the highest anthraquinone level detected in the sample. The low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by HPLC quantification was able to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea with linearity of 0.9990 at 8.33 to 83.33 μg/L; precision of 2.25%; and recovery of 96.19 to 102.98%. The anthraquinone levels in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea varied from not detected to 0.44 μg/L. The calculated HQ is lower than 1 (0.033), implying that consuming Indonesian infusion tea with the detected anthraquinone residue is unlikely to cause non-carcinogenic effect. The R is 2.63 × 10−6, but no parametric values have been regulated for anthraquinone; thus, its carcinogenic effect cannot be further assessed. Low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by quantification by HPLC–UV was able to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea samples. Risk assessment showed no prove of adverse effect related to consuming infusion tea as high as the highest concentration detected in infusion tea samples. However, risk associated at higher concentration and/or long-term consumption may not be neglected.

中文翻译：

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印尼泡茶中的蒽醌：HPLC-UV分析和风险评估

由于该化合物可能具有致癌性，因此在欧洲销售的茶叶样品中对蒽醌的检测引起了人们的关注。欧盟已将茶中蒽醌残留物的最高残留限量（MRL）设置为非常低的水平（0.02 mg / kg）。蒽醌的可用方法分析主要是通过气相色谱（GC）和质谱仪（MS）进行的，这是一种相对较昂贵的仪器，并不总是适用于装备精良的实验室。这项研究的目的是使用液相色谱-紫外检测器（HPLC-UV）分析印尼商业茶中的蒽醌，然后评估食用蒽醌残留的茶的风险。分析是通过小体积的液-液萃取进行的，然后通过HPLC-UV进行定量，同时根据样品中检出的最高蒽醌水平通过计算风险商（HQ）和致癌风险（R）来分析风险评估。小体积液液萃取，然后进行HPLC定量分析，能够在8.33至83.33μg/ L的线性范围内分析输注茶中的蒽醌，其线性为0.9990。精度为2.25％; 和回收率96.19至102.98％。印尼商业茶中泡茶中的蒽醌水平从未检测到0.44μg/ L不等。计算得出的HQ低于1（0.033），这意味着食用带有检测到的蒽醌残留物的印尼泡茶不太可能引起非致癌作用。R为2.63×10-6，但蒽醌尚未调节任何参数值。因此，其致癌作用无法进一步评估。小批量液液萃取，然后通过HPLC-UV定量分析，能够分析印尼商业茶样品中浸泡茶中的蒽醌。风险评估表明，没有证据表明食用泡茶会产生与泡茶样品中最高浓度有关的不良影响。但是，可能无法忽略较高浓度和/或长期食用引起的风险。