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Eye Movement Measures for Predicting Eye Gaze Accuracy and Symptoms in 2D and 3D Displays
Displays ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.displa.2019.08.002
Chiuhsiang Joe Lin , Yogi Tri Prasetyo , Retno Widyaningrum

Abstract The current study applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the interrelationship among index of difficulty (ID), environment, saccade duration (SD), revisited fixation duration (RFD), number of fixation (NF), pupil size (PS), eye gaze accuracy (AC), and symptoms simultaneously. SD, RFD, NF, PS, and AC were measured by utilizing the Tobii eye tracker system. Twelve participants were recruited to perform multi-directional tapping task using within-subject design with two different environments (2D screen display and 3D stereoscopic display) and six different levels of ID. SEM showed that ID had significant direct effects on SD and RFD while environment was found had significant direct effects on SD, RFD, PS, AC, and symptoms. Among selected eye movement measures, NF was found to be the best predictor of AC and PS was found to be the best predictor of symptoms. In addition, RFD was also found to be a good predictor of symptoms. Our results found that higher AC was achieved by projecting the image in the 2D screen display with higher ID and it resulted in higher SD and higher NF. Regarding the symptoms, our results found that lower symptoms were achieved by projecting the image in the 2D screen display with lower ID and it resulted in lower PS, and lower RFD. Practitioner Summary: The SEM could provide valuable theoretical foundations to identify the interrelationship among eye movement measures, AC, and symptoms particularly for VR researchers and interface developers.

中文翻译:

用于预测 2D 和 3D 显示中眼睛注视精度和症状的眼动测量

摘要 本研究应用结构方程模型 (SEM) 来分析难度指数 (ID)、环境、扫视持续时间 (SD)、重访注视持续时间 (RFD)、注视次数 (NF)、瞳孔大小 (PS) 之间的相互关系、眼睛注视准确度 (AC) 和症状同时发生。SD、RFD、NF、PS 和 AC 使用 Tobii 眼动仪系统进行测量。招募了 12 名参与者,使用被试内设计在两种不同的环境(2D 屏幕显示和 3D 立体显示)和六个不同级别的 ID 下执行多向敲击任务。SEM显示ID对SD和RFD有显着的直接影响,而环境对SD、RFD、PS、AC和症状有显着的直接影响。在选定的眼动测量中,NF 被发现是 AC 的最佳预测因子,PS 被发现是症状的最佳预测因子。此外,还发现 RFD 是症状的良好预测指标。我们的结果发现,通过在具有更高 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现更高的 AC,并导致更高的 SD 和更高的 NF。关于症状,我们的结果发现,通过在具有较低 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现较低的症状,并导致较低的 PS 和较低的 RFD。从业者总结:SEM 可以提供有价值的理论基础来确定眼动测量、AC 和症状之间的相互关系,特别是对于 VR 研究人员和界面开发人员。我们的结果发现,通过在具有更高 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现更高的 AC,并导致更高的 SD 和更高的 NF。关于症状,我们的结果发现,通过在具有较低 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现较低的症状,并导致较低的 PS 和较低的 RFD。从业者总结:SEM 可以提供有价值的理论基础来确定眼动测量、AC 和症状之间的相互关系,特别是对于 VR 研究人员和界面开发人员。我们的结果发现,通过在具有更高 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现更高的 AC,并导致更高的 SD 和更高的 NF。关于症状,我们的结果发现,通过在具有较低 ID 的 2D 屏幕显示中投影图像来实现较低的症状,并导致较低的 PS 和较低的 RFD。从业者总结:SEM 可以提供有价值的理论基础来确定眼动测量、AC 和症状之间的相互关系,特别是对于 VR 研究人员和界面开发人员。
更新日期:2019-12-01
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