The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) is used in many countries as a biological larvicide to control dipteran insects of the suborder Nematocera, especially mosquitoes and black flies. Bti is generally accepted to be target-specific and efficient, with low potential for development of resistance among the target species. However, even though Bti may have minimal direct effects on non-target organisms, it might potentially be associated with knock-on effects on food webs and other ecosystem properties, including biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Evidence from previous research is mixed, with some finding no evidence for indirect effects on biodiversity and ecosystem-level properties, but others indicating that such effects are possible. The fact that many studies have been conducted by organisations coordinating the control programs, and that many of those studies have been published outside peer reviewed scientific journals, highlights the challenges for decision makers and others to assess the results of the existing studies. In this protocol we outline how we aim to systematically and transparently synthesise all available evidence in a forthcoming systematic review. We will use six bibliographic databases/platforms and the online search engines Google and Google Scholar in searches for literature. Searches will also be made on specialist websites. We will screen the search results for eligibility in stage one based on title and abstract, and in stage two based on the full text of the material. At stage one, after testing and clarifying the eligibility criteria, two reviewers will split and single screen the search results. At stage two the articles will be screened independently by two reviewers. We have developed a preliminary critical appraisal tool that will be used as basis for assessing study validity. Each study will be critically appraised independently by two reviewers. Disagreements will be reconciled through discussions seeking to reach consensus. It is unclear whether a quantitative synthesis based on meta-analysis will be feasible. A narrative synthesis will include descriptive statistics outlining the evidence base in terms of bibliographic information and study metadata. A narrative synthesis table in the form of an Excel spreadsheet will be provided.

中文翻译：

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用微生物苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列（Bti）防治蚊子和其他线虫双歧杆菌对水生和陆地生态系统有什么影响？系统的审查协议

苏云金芽孢杆菌血清以色列杆菌（Btiillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis）（Bti）在许多国家被用作杀生物杀虫剂，以控制线虫亚目的双翅类昆虫，尤其是蚊子和黑蝇。人们普遍认为Bti具有针对性和高效性，在目标物种之间产生抗药性的可能性很小。但是，即使Bti对非目标生物的直接影响最小，也可能与对食物网和其他生态系统特性（包括生物多样性和生态系统功能）的连锁反应有关。先前研究的证据好坏参半，有的没有发现对生物多样性和生态系统水平的间接影响的证据，但另一些表明这种影响是可能的。许多研究是由组织协调控制程序进行的，并且许多研究已经在同行评审的科学期刊之外发表，这突出说明了决策者和其他人评估现有研究结果所面临的挑战。在此协议中，我们概述了我们旨在如何在即将进行的系统评价中系统透明地综合所有可用证据的目的。我们将使用六个书目数据库/平台以及在线搜索引擎Google和Google Scholar搜索文献。搜索还将在专业网站上进行。我们将在第一阶段根据标题和摘要筛选搜索结果的资格，在第二阶段根据材料的全文筛选资格。在第一阶段，在测试并明确了资格标准之后，两名审阅者将拆分并单屏显示搜索结果。在第二阶段，文章将由两名审稿人独立筛选。我们已经开发了初步的关键评估工具，将其用作评估研究有效性的基础。每项研究将由两名审稿人进行独立评估。将通过寻求达成共识的讨论来调解分歧。尚不清楚基于荟萃分析的定量综合是否可行。叙述性综合将包括描述性统计数据，以书目信息和研究元数据的形式概述证据基础。将提供Excel电子表格形式的叙述性综合表。我们已经开发了初步的关键评估工具，将其用作评估研究有效性的基础。每项研究将由两名审稿人进行独立评估。将通过寻求达成共识的讨论来调解分歧。尚不清楚基于荟萃分析的定量综合是否可行。叙述性综合将包括描述性统计数据，以书目信息和研究元数据的形式概述证据基础。将提供Excel电子表格形式的叙述性综合表。我们已经开发了初步的关键评估工具，将其用作评估研究有效性的基础。每项研究将由两名审稿人进行独立评估。将通过寻求达成共识的讨论来调解分歧。尚不清楚基于荟萃分析的定量综合是否可行。叙述性综合将包括描述性统计数据，以书目信息和研究元数据的形式概述证据基础。将提供Excel电子表格形式的叙述性综合表。尚不清楚基于荟萃分析的定量综合是否可行。叙述性综合将包括描述性统计数据，以书目信息和研究元数据的形式概述证据基础。将提供Excel电子表格形式的叙述性综合表。尚不清楚基于荟萃分析的定量综合是否可行。叙述性综合将包括描述性统计数据，以书目信息和研究元数据的形式概述证据基础。将提供Excel电子表格形式的叙述性综合表。