For many years, the adaptation of the historical maps to those used today has been one of the fields of study of cartography and geodesy. In this process, the first problem is that the coordinate system in historical maps differs from the modern coordinate systems. For such problems, many mathematical methods have been developed and implemented for the georeferencing process. The second problem, more complicated than the first, is how to resolve the situation when the mapped area was drawn on more than one sheet of paper and without a scale. This study focuses on the map drawn in 1521 by the Ottoman admiral, Piri Reis, of the Nile, which gave life to Egypt, the cradle of civilizations. The Nile was drawn from Cairo to Rosetta on four map sheets in five parts without a coordinate reference and scale factor. The method that has performed well in solving problems that cannot be expressed mathematically is the artificial neural network (ANN) technique which is widely used in solving engineering problems. The current study reports on the use of the Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN). The map obtained by BPANN was compared with a current map of the Nile, and the result was that the ANN technique can also be used in the absence of a scale.

中文翻译：

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皮里里斯1521年地图中尼罗河的地理配准的人工神经网络方法

多年来，使历史地图适应当今使用的地图一直是制图学和大地测量学的研究领域之一。在此过程中，第一个问题是历史地图中的坐标系与现代坐标系不同。针对此类问题，已经为地理配准过程开发并实现了许多数学方法。第二个问题比第一个更复杂，是如何解决在多于一张纸且没有刻度的情况下绘制映射区域的情况。这项研究的重点是1521年尼罗河奥斯曼帝国海军上将皮里里斯绘制的地图，该地图赋予了文明的发源地埃及以生命。尼罗河是从开罗到罗塞塔，分为四个部分，分为五个部分，没有坐标参考和比例因子。在解决无法用数学表达的问题上表现出色的方法是人工神经网络（ANN）技术，该技术广泛用于解决工程问题。本研究报告了反向传播人工神经网络（BPANN）的使用。将通过BPANN获得的地图与尼罗河的当前地图进行比较，结果是在没有比例尺的情况下也可以使用ANN技术。