Advances in neonatology have led to unprecedented improvements in neonatal survival such that those born as early as 22 weeks of gestation now have some chance of survival, and over 70% of those born at 24 weeks of gestation survive. Up to 50% of infants born extremely preterm develop poor outcomes involving long-term neurodevelopmental impairments affecting cognition and learning, or motor problems such as cerebral palsy. Poor outcomes arise because the preterm brain is vulnerable both to direct injury (by events such as intracerebral hemorrhage, infection, and/or hypoxia), or indirect injury due to disruption of normal development. This neonatal brain injury and/or dysmaturation is called “encephalopathy of prematurity”. Current and future strategies to improve outcomes in this population include prevention of preterm birth, and pre-, peri-, and postnatal approaches to protect the developing brain. This review will describe mechanisms of preterm brain injury, and current and upcoming therapies in the antepartum and postnatal period to improve preterm encephalopathy.

新生儿学的进步导致新生儿存活率空前提高，以至于那些早在妊娠22周出生的人现在就有一定的存活机会，而在妊娠24周时出生的人中有70％以上可以存活。高达50％的极端早产儿的结局不良，包括长期的神经发育障碍，影响认知和学习，或运动问题，例如脑瘫。由于早产儿大脑容易受到直接伤害（例如脑出血，感染和/或缺氧等事件）或由于正常发育受到破坏而造成的间接伤害，因此结果差。这种新生儿脑损伤和/或不成熟称为“早产儿脑病”。当前和未来改善该人群结局的策略包括预防早产，预防早产，围产期，和产后保护大脑发育的方法。这篇综述将描述早产儿脑损伤的机制，以及在产前和产后期间目前和即将到来的治疗方法，以改善早产儿脑病。