This study covered the effects of an improvement of the breeding environment on the behaviour of lactating goats. Two groups of 25 lactating Saanen goats were used: animals were reared in indoor pen (1.6 m2/head) without (control IP group) or with (experimental OY group) access to an outdoor yard (1.0 m2/head). For the trial, carried out in two different periods (winter and spring) 5 days lasting, a specific ethogram including feeding, resting, moving and play fighting (mock butting) or socio-positive (nuzzling) social behaviour was developed. Animals’ behaviour was continuously video monitored. Goats in experimental OY group showed greater moving (P < 0.01), a tendency to less feeding and resting (P < 0.10). Social behaviour (butts + nuzzles), in both periods, showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between the two groups while as for the comparison among periods of the year, within the group, there were meaningful differences only for OY group (P < 0.01). Experimental OY group’s social behaviour analysis, between periods, revealed a significant difference in the outdoor yard only. On the other hand, the differences between indoor and outdoor were significant for both the periods (P < 0.01). Butts and nuzzles of the goats in the control IP group are statistically different only in the second period (P < 0.05). The OY group showed higher nuzzling in both periods, even though it was statistically confirmed only for the first one (P < 0.05). Comparing the OY group butts and nuzzles between the two periods, only butts proved statistically different (P < 0.05) according to an improvement in climatic conditions. Giving the goats the possibility to use an outdoor yard, their competitiveness increases. As for the use of the space by OY group, staying in the indoor pen and in the outdoor yard as well as the looking out activity time suggests that the behaviour of goats was influenced by climatic conditions with regard to the utilization of the outdoor yard exclusively (P < 0.01). Goats that have an external space available are more active in socialization and show greater disposition to perform their normal, natural and complete behaviour patterns.

中文翻译：

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增加室外院子对不同季节泌乳家山羊（Capra hircus）行为的影响

该研究涵盖了饲养环境的改善对泌乳山羊行为的影响。使用两组 25 只泌乳萨能山羊：在室内围栏（1.6 平方米/头）饲养动物，没有（IP 对照组）或（实验 OY 组）进入室外院子（1.0 平方米/头）。对于在两个不同时期（冬季和春季）进行的持续 5 天的试验，开发了一种特定的行为图，包括进食、休息、移动和打架（模拟对接）或社会积极（用鼻）社交行为。动物的行为被连续视频监控。实验OY组的山羊表现出更大的运动（P < 0.01），减少进食和休息的趋势（P < 0.10）。两个时期的社交行为（屁股+鼻子）都显示出显着差异（P < 0. 01) 两组间比较，而在年间时期比较方面，组内仅OY组有显着差异(P < 0.01)。实验 OY 组的社会行为分析，在不同时期之间，仅在室外院子中显示出显着差异。另一方面，室内和室外之间的差异在两个时期内均显着（P < 0.01）。对照组中山羊的臀部和吻部仅在第二阶段有统计学差异（P < 0.05）。OY 组在两个时期都表现出更高的用鼻，即使它仅在第一个时期得到了统计证实（P < 0.05）。比较两个时期之间的 OY 组烟头和鼻头，根据气候条件的改善，只有烟头被证明具有统计学差异（P < 0.05）。让山羊有机会使用室外院子，它们的竞争力就会增加。至于OY集团对空间的使用，在室内围栏和室外院子的停留以及外出活动的时间表明，山羊的行为受到气候条件的影响，仅在室外院子的利用方面(P < 0.01)。有可用外部空间的山羊在社会化中更活跃，表现出更好的性格来执行其正常、自然和完整的行为模式。留在室内围栏和室外院子以及观察活动时间表明山羊的行为受到气候条件的影响，就室外院子的利用而言（P < 0.01）。有可用外部空间的山羊在社会化方面更活跃，并表现出更好的性格来执行其正常、自然和完整的行为模式。留在室内围栏和室外院子以及观察活动时间表明山羊的行为受到气候条件的影响，就室外院子的利用而言（P < 0.01）。有可用外部空间的山羊在社会化方面更活跃，并表现出更好的性格来执行其正常、自然和完整的行为模式。