It is a commonly known fact that all ground beetles possess abdominal pygidial glands with relatively similar gross structure and function among species. Still, morphology of the glands and composition of their secretions have not been studied in most ground beetle species. These exocrine glands and their products are mainly associated with defence in natural environments. In this paper, we studied three predatory ground beetle species of the genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758, namely C. (Archicarabus) montivagus Palliardi, 1825, C. (Megodontus) caelatus Fabricius, 1801, and C. (M.) violaceus Linnaeus, 1758, to identify chemical components of their pygidial gland secretions. Altogether, 10 carboxylic acids were isolated from the analysed secretions [two from the secretion of C. (A.) montivagus, 10 from that of C. (M.) caelatus, and nine from that of C. (M.) violaceus]. The finding of 2-hexenoic acid in the secretion of C. (M.) caelatus is the first finding of it within the entire subfamily Carabinae. In addition, we also analysed the morphology of glands of the species C. (M.) violaceus.

中文翻译：

---

Carabus Linnaeus的y腺分泌物，1758年（鞘翅目：Carabidae）：三种物种释放的化学物质

一个众所周知的事实是，所有地面甲虫都具有腹部突腺，这些突突腺在种间具有相对相似的总体结构和功能。但是，在大多数地面甲虫物种中，尚未研究腺体的形态及其分泌物的组成。这些外分泌腺及其产物主要与自然环境中的防御有关。在本文中，我们研究了属三种食肉土鳖虫种大步甲林奈，1758，即Ç。（Arcicarabus）montivagus Palliardi，1825年，C。（Megodontus）caelatus法氏囊，1801，和Ç。（M.）紫罗兰1758年，林奈（Linnaeus）发现了其前腺分泌物的化学成分。总共从分析的分泌物中分离出10种羧酸[其中2种是从C的分泌物中分离出来的。（A.）蒙太奇，从C.到10 。（M.）ca，而C则有9个。（M.）violaceus ]。在C分泌物中发现2-己酸。（M.）盲肠是在整个Carabinae家族中的第一个发现。此外，我们还分析了C物种的腺体形态。（M.）violaceus。