A three-dimensional finite element approach was used to assess the lateral pile and pile group response subjected to pure lateral load. The study evaluated three pile group configurations (i.e. 2 × 1, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 pile groups) with four values of pile spacing (i.e. 2D, 4D, 6D and 8D, where D is the pile diameter). The results of the influence of load intensities, group configuration, pile spacing are discussed in terms of response of load vs. lateral displacement, load vs. soil resistance and corresponding p–y curves. The improved plots can be used for laterally loaded pile design and also to produce the group action design p-multiplier curves and equations. As a result, design curves were developed and applied in the actual case studies and similar expected cases for assessment of pile group behavior using improved p-multiplier. A design equation was derived from predicted design curves to be used in the evaluation of the lateral pile group action. The equation was used with the previous results to predict the expected design curve take in the account different source of p-multiplier. It was found that the group interaction effect led to reduced lateral resistance for the pile in the group relative to that for the single pile. In addition, the present study was compatible with the results of previous results for the first and second trailing row and was less compatible with the result from the previous works in the case of piles in leading row.

中文翻译：

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在无粘性和粘性土壤中模拟桩群的横向响应

使用三维有限元方法来评估侧向桩和群桩在纯侧向荷载作用下的响应。研究评估了三个桩组配置（即2×1、2×2和3×2桩组）以及四个桩距值（即2D，4D，6D和8D，其中D为桩直径）。讨论了荷载强度，组构型，桩距的影响结果，包括荷载对横向位移的响应，荷载对土壤阻力的响应以及相应的py曲线。改进后的图可用于侧向荷载桩设计，还可用于生成群作用设计的p乘数曲线和方程。结果，开发了设计曲线并将其应用于实际案例研究和类似预期案例中，以使用改进的p乘数评估桩组行为。从预测的设计曲线中得出了一个设计方程，用于评估侧向桩群的作用。考虑到p乘数的不同来源，该方程式与先前的结果一起用于预测预期的设计曲线。已发现，与单个桩相比，群相互作用效应导致桩中桩的侧向阻力减小。另外，本研究与第一排和第二排后排的先前结果的结果兼容，并且在前排排桩的情况下与先前工作的结果不兼容。考虑到p乘数的不同来源，该方程式与先前的结果一起用于预测预期的设计曲线。发现与单个桩相比，群相互作用效应导致桩中桩的侧向阻力减小。另外，本研究与第一排和第二排后排的先前结果的结果兼容，并且在前排排桩的情况下与先前工作的结果不兼容。考虑到p乘数的不同来源，该方程式与先前的结果一起用于预测预期的设计曲线。发现与单个桩相比，群相互作用效应导致桩中桩的侧向阻力减小。另外，本研究与第一排和第二排后排的先前结果的结果兼容，并且在前排排桩的情况下与先前工作的结果不兼容。