Mesotrophic rich fens, that is, groundwater-fed mires, may be long-lasting, as well as transient ecosystems, displaced in time by poor fens, bogs, forests or eutrophic reeds. We hypothesized that fen stability is controlled by plant stress caused by waterlogging with calcium-rich and nutrient-poor groundwater, which limits expansion of hummock mosses, tussock sedges and trees. We analysed 32 European Holocene macrofossil profiles of rich fens using plant functional traits (PFTs) which indicate the level of plant stress in the environment: canopy height, clonal spread, diaspore mass, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, Ellenberg moisture value, hummock-forming ability, mycorrhizal status and plant functional groups. Six PFTs, which formed long-term significant trends during mire development, were compiled as rich fen stress indicator (RFSI). We found that RFSI values at the start of fen development were correlated with the thickness of subsequently accumulated rich fen peat. RFSI declined in fens approaching change into another mire type, regardless whether it was shifting into bog, forest or eutrophic reeds. RFSI remained comparatively high and stable in three rich fens, which have not terminated naturally until present times. By applying PFT analysis to macrofossil data, we demonstrated that fens may undergo a gradual autogenic process, which lowers the ecosystem’s resistance and enhances shifts to other mire types. Long-lasting rich fens, documented by deep peat deposits, are rare. Because autogenic processes tend to alleviate stress in fens, high levels of stress are needed at initial stages of rich fen development to enable its long persistence and continuous peat accumulation.

中营养丰富的fen，即由地下水喂养的泥潭，可能会长期存在，以及短暂的生态系统，它们会被劣质的，沼泽，森林或富营养化的芦苇及时取代。我们假设，苯酚的稳定性受富含钙和营养少的地下水淹水引起的植物胁迫的控制，这限制了山岗苔藓，草丛和树木的膨胀。我们使用植物功能性状（PFT）分析了32种欧洲European的全新世大型化石剖面，这些特征指示了环境中植物的胁迫水平：冠层高度，克隆传播，水生孢子质量，比叶面积，叶干物质含量，埃伦贝格水分值，吊床的形成能力，菌根状态和植物功能群。六个PFT在泥潭开发过程中形成了长期的重要趋势，被编译为富芬压力指标（RFSI）。我们发现，分发育开始时的RFSI值与随后积累的丰富的分泥炭的厚度相关。RFSI下降了，即将变成另一种泥潭类型的芬斯，无论是变成沼泽，森林还是富营养的芦苇。RFSI在三个丰富的芬分中保持较高和稳定的状态，直到现在还没有自然终止。通过对大型化石数据进行PFT分析，我们证明了s可能经历了逐渐的自生过程，这降低了生态系统的抵抗力并增强了向其他泥潭类型的转移。由深泥炭沉积所记录的持久而丰富的芬分很少见。由于自体过程往往会减轻的压力，