The larval phase of marine teleost fishes is characterized by important morphological and physiological modifications. Many of these modifications improve the larvae’s ability to swim, which satisfies a suite of crucial biological and ecological functions. Indeed, larval fish swimming performance has been considered a good proxy for overall condition, a predictor for growth and survival, and particularly helpful in assessing effects of natural and anthropogenic stress. Several methodologies have been developed to test larval fish swimming performance; however, measured swimming capabilities can strongly depend on the methodology utilised and developmental stage investigated. The aims of this review were, therefore, to link the ontogenetic development of swimming performance in early life stages of marine fishes, particularly the anatomical and physiological processes around the fins, muscles, and gills, with both the experimental methodologies used and the environmental stressors tested. We conducted a literature search and found 156 research papers relevant to swimming performance of marine teleost fish larvae. We found swimming performance to be highly variable among species and driven by temperature. In a meta-analysis focusing on the impacts of environmental stress on larval swimming performance, we found that prey reduction had the greatest impact on swimming. Methods used to evaluate swimming should keep the ontogenetic stage a focus, as forced swimming experiments are unfit for larvae prior to flexion of the notochord. Overall, while the data are deficient in some areas, we are able to highlight where the field of larval fish swimming could be directed and provide insight into which methods are best used under certain ecological scenarios, environmental stressors, and developmental stages.

中文翻译：

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海洋鱼类幼体的游泳性能：生态和环境压力下的普遍性状回顾

海洋硬骨鱼的幼虫阶段的特点是重要的形态和生理变化。许多这些修改提高了幼虫的游泳能力，这满足了一系列关键的生物和生态功能。事实上，幼鱼的游泳表现被认为是整体状况的良好代表、生长和存活的预测指标，尤其有助于评估自然和人为压力的影响。已经开发了几种方法来测试幼鱼的游泳性能；然而，测量的游泳能力在很大程度上取决于所使用的方法和所研究的发育阶段。因此，本综述的目的是将海洋鱼类早期游泳表现的个体发育联系起来，特别是鳍、肌肉和鳃周围的解剖和生理过程，使用的实验方法和测试的环境压力源。我们进行了文献检索，发现了 156 篇与海洋硬骨鱼幼体游泳性能相关的研究论文。我们发现游泳表现在物种之间差异很大，并受温度驱动。在一项关注环境压力对幼虫游泳性能影响的荟萃分析中，我们发现减少猎物对游泳的影响最大。用于评估游泳的方法应将个体发育阶段作为重点，因为强迫游泳实验不适用于脊索弯曲之前的幼虫。总体而言，虽然某些领域的数据不足，