Competency Questions (CQs) are natural language questions outlining and constraining the scope of knowledge represented in an ontology. Despite that CQs are a part of several ontology engineering methodologies, the actual publication of CQs for the available ontologies is very limited and even scarcer is the publication of their respective formalizations in terms of, e.g., SPARQL queries. This paper aims to contribute to addressing the myriad of engineering hurdles to using CQs in ontology development. A prerequisite to this is to understand the relation between CQs and the queries over the ontology. We use a new dataset of 234 competency questions and their SPARQL-OWL queries for several ontologies in different domains developed by different groups, and analysed the CQs in two principal ways. The first stage focused on a linguistic analysis of the natural language text itself, i.e., a lexico-syntactic analysis without any presuppositions of ontology elements, and a subsequent step of semantic analysis in order to find patterns. This increased diversity of CQ sources resulted in a 4-5-fold increase of hitherto published patterns, to 106 distinct CQ patterns, which have a limited subset of few patterns shared across the CQ sets from the different ontologies. Next, we analysed the relation between the found CQ patterns and their respective SPARQL-OWL patterns, which revealed that one CQ pattern may be realized by more than one SPARQL-OWL query pattern, and vice versa. These insights may contribute to establishing common practices, templates, automation, and user tools that will support CQ formulation, formalization, execution, and general management.

能力问题（CQ）是自然语言问题，概述并限制了本体中表示的知识范围。尽管CQ是几种本体工程方法的一部分，但是针对可用本体的CQ的实际发布非常有限，甚至在发布各自的形式化方面（例如，SPARQL查询）也很少。本文旨在帮助解决在本体开发中使用CQ的众多工程障碍。前提是要了解CQ与本体查询之间的关系。我们使用由234个能力问题及其SPARQL-OWL查询组成的新数据集，用于不同群体在不同领域开发的几种本体，并通过两种主要方式分析了CQ。第一阶段的重点是对自然语言文本本身的语言分析，即没有本体元素任何前提的词汇-句法分析，以及随后的语义分析步骤以寻找模式。CQ来源的多样性增加，导致迄今已发布的模式增加了4-5倍，达到106种不同的CQ模式，这些CQ模式在不同本体的CQ集之间共享的模式很少。接下来，我们分析了找到的CQ模式与它们各自的SPARQL-OWL模式之间的关系，这表明一个CQ模式可以通过一个以上的SPARQL-OWL查询模式来实现，反之亦然。这些洞察力可能有助于建立支持CQ制定，形式化，执行，