Habitat predicts local prevalence of migratory behavior in an alpine ungulate,Journal of Animal Ecology

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Habitat predicts local prevalence of migratory behavior in an alpine ungulate
Journal of Animal Ecology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13167
Derek B Spitz ₁ , Mark Hebblewhite ₁ , Thomas R Stephenson ₂

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1) The resource hierarchy hypothesis predicts that the most important factors limiting a species' distribution act at the coarsest spatial scales. However, resource selection behavior affords mobile organisms the opportunity to adopt a range of tactics for navigating spatial trade-offs between competing biotic and abiotic constraints. Throughout the animal kingdom, partial migration (where some individuals migrate, and others remain resident year round) offers a pervasive example of such behavioral polymorphism. Identifying the differences between these behaviors is therefore central to understanding the conditions (habitat) needed to sustain migrant and resident populations. 2) Here we test an extension of the resource hierarchy hypothesis. We hypothesized that rather than responding to a single limiting factor, migration and residency represent contrasting scale-specific approaches to managing trade-offs between forage, predation risk, and severe winter conditions. Furthermore, we predicted that the distribution of habitat selected by migrants and residents is predictive of the local prevalence of migratory behavior. 3) To test these hypotheses, we quantified migratory status- (resident/migrant) and season- (winter/summer) specific differences in resource selection by eight populations of federally-endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) across three spatial scales: population range, individual range, and within individual range. We then integrated these spatial predictions to produce separate spatial predictions of migrant and resident winter habitat. 4) As predicted, model selection provided strong evidence for the importance of status-specific differences in resource selection. Residents showed stronger coarse-scale selection for terrain associated with predator avoidance and stronger fine-scale selection for greenness, while in migrants this pattern was reversed. Availability of migrant habitat predicted the local prevalence of migration (top model pseudo R2 of 0.87). 5) Our ability to respond to global declines of migratory species depends on improving our understanding of the conditions required to maintain migratory behavior. Through explicitly contrasting migrant and resident behavior, our results illustrate seasonal differences in migrant and resident habitat and how these two behaviors represent responses to different limiting conditions. Our analyses provides a novel empirical basis for assessing the local prevalence of migratory behavior across large landscapes.

中文翻译：

栖息地预测高山有蹄类动物迁徙行为的局部流行

1) 资源层次假说预测，限制物种分布的最重要因素作用于最粗糙的空间尺度。然而，资源选择行为为移动生物提供了采用一系列策略的机会，以在竞争的生物和非生物约束之间进行空间权衡。在整个动物王国中，部分迁徙（一些个体迁徙，而另一些个体全年居住）提供了这种行为多态性的普遍例子。因此，确定这些行为之间的差异对于了解维持移民和常住人口所需的条件（栖息地）至关重要。2) 在这里，我们测试了资源层次假设的扩展。我们假设不是对单一的限制因素做出反应，迁徙和居住代表了管理草料、捕食风险和严冬条件之间权衡的不同规模的特定方法。此外，我们预测移民和居民选择的栖息地分布可以预测当地迁徙行为的流行程度。3）为了检验这些假设，我们量化了八个联邦濒危山脉内华达大角羊（Ovis canadensis sierrae）在三个空间尺度上的迁徙状态（居民/移民）和季节（冬季/夏季）在资源选择方面的具体差异：群体范围、个体范围和个体范围内。然后我们整合这些空间预测，以产生移民和常驻冬季栖息地的单独空间预测。4）正如预测的那样，模型选择为资源选择中特定地位差异的重要性提供了强有力的证据。居民对与躲避捕食者相关的地形表现出更强的粗尺度选择，而对绿色则表现出更强的精细尺度选择，而在移民中，这种模式发生了逆转。迁徙栖息地的可用性预测了迁徙的当地流行（顶级模型伪 R2 为 0.87）。5）我们应对全球迁徙物种减少的能力取决于我们对维持迁徙行为所需条件的理解。通过明确对比移民和居民行为，我们的结果说明了移民和居民栖息地的季节性差异，以及这两种行为如何代表对不同限制条件的反应。

更新日期：2020-04-01

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